Statistical properties of accumulated values and their application in mining estimations

This paper presents results of some investigations on the statistical properties of accumulation of discrete as well as continuous values when a two-dimensional stationary random function is reduced to a one-dimensional function. Based on the results of these investigations, an indirect technique of estimating covariances or variograms of point support grade values is proposed. The efficiency of the technique, particularly in relation to the conventional procedure of covariance estimation, has been demonstrated by an actual case study of a pre-Cambrian high-grade iron ore deposit in eastern India.     

Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture measurements and remotely sensed data at different spatial scales

The European remote sensing satellite (ERS-2) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data was used for temporal monitoring of soil moisture at Sukhothai, Thailand. Higher correlations were found between the observed soil moisture and the radar backscattering coefficient. The soil moisture distribution shows great variation in space and time due to its stochastic nature. In order to obtain a better understanding of the nature and causes of spatial variation of soil moisture, the extensive soil moisture measurements observed in Thailand and also remotely sensed ERS-2 SAR data were used for geostatistical analysis. The observed soil moisture shows seasonal variations with mean varying from 3.33 %v/v (dry season) to 33.44 %v/v (wet season). The spatial geostatistical structure also shows clear seasonal variations in the geostatistical characteristics such as range and sill. The sills vary from 1.00 (%v/v)² for the driest day to 107.57 (%v/v)² for one of the wet days. The range or the correlation lengths varies between 46.5 and 149.8 m for the wettest and driest periods. The nugget effect does not show strong seasonal pattern or trend but the dry periods usually have a smaller nugget effect than the wet periods. The spherical variogram model fits the sample variograms very well in the case of soil moisture observations while the exponential model fits those of the remotely sensed data. The ranges observed from the observed soil moisture data and remotely sensed data at the same resolution are very similar. Resolution degradation affects the geostatistical structure of the data by reducing the sills, and increasing the ranges.     

Analysis of small-scale heterogeneity in clastic rocks by using computerized X-ray tomography (CT)

The aim of this study is to recognize the basic clastic rock types on the basis of Hounsfield Units (HUs) by using statistical methods (hypothesis tests, distribution fitting, and confidence intervals). How does this recognition depend on depositional history of samples tested? Does the numerical pattern of HUs obtained from small-scale analyzing of some particular sedimentary structures coincide to the textural expectations of those sedimentary structures? Are the HU values provided by the CT measurements capable of evidencing micro-cycles belonging to a particular depositional history?For testing the numerical recognition, we analyze macroscopically homogeneous argillaceous marl, siltstone and fine sandstone samples with similar depositional background, age, and degree of diagenesis. The preliminary research shows that the Hounsfield Units can identify different sedimentary rocks considerably well. There are significant differences among the confidence intervals belonging to the different rock types. However, there also have been some slight overlaps among them.For analyzing the effects of the depositional processes in case of a particular rock type, samples from channel sandstone, distributary mouth-bar, massive (structureless) sandstone from a delta-fed turbidity fan, and channel sandstone with traction carpet origin from a delta-fed turbidity fan (all coming from Pannonian basin filling series) are used. The results prove again the significant differences in the terms of both confidence intervals and distribution-types; however, some overlapping also occurs.     

基于地统计学方法的区域旅游空间结构研究——以皖南国际文化旅游示范区为例

基于地统计学方法,以皖南国际文化旅游示范区为例,结合GIS技术,研究区域旅游景点空间分布格局及空间相关关系。结果表明,皖南国际文化旅游示范区在东西方向上具有显著的空间相关性。初期区域呈现随机型分布,空间异质性主要由随机性因素影响,而随着时间的推移,随机性因素影响越来越弱。从整体上来看,示范区空间等级差异虽不显著,但“两山一湖”板块仍是区域核心旅游板块,引导区域旅游发展有向其靠近趋势;从局部来看,以方特主题公园为主的东北部有成为示范区门户的趋势,黄山周边景点空间联系紧密,而安庆并没有完全融入示范区的旅游发展格局,距离可能是其主要影响因素。     

Strategies towards robust interpretations of in situ zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses

The combination of U-Pb and Lu-Hf compositions measured in zircon crystals is a remarkably powerful isotopic couplet that provides measures on both the timing of mineral growth and the radiogenic enrichment of the source from which the zircon grew.The U-Pb age documents the timing of zircon crystallization/recrystallization and Hf isotopes inform on the degree to which the host melt was derived from a radiogenic reservoir(e.g.depleted mantle) versus an unradiogenic reservoir(e.g.ancient continental crust),or some mixture of these sources.The ease of generating large quantities of zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf data has been in large part facilitated by instrument advances.However,the dramatic increase in time constrained zircon Lu-Hf analyses in the Earth science community has brought to the fore the importance of careful data collection and reduction workflows,onto which robust geological interpretations may be based.In this work,we discuss the fundamentals of Lu-Hf isotopes in zircon,which then allows us to provide a robust,accessible,methodology for the assessment of data quality.Additionally,we discuss some novel techniques for:data visualization—that facilitates better transparency of data interpretation;integration of geographic information—that may reveal spatial trends where temporal trends were only apparent before;and some novel statistical evaluation tools—that may provide more rigorous interand intra-sample comparisons.     

基于FFT-MA谱模拟的快速随机反演方法研究

虽然基于地质统计学的随机反演方法能够有效融合测井资料中的高频信息,但计算效率低,占用内存大,限制了它在实际资料中的应用.本文在保留传统随机反演方法优点的基础上,创造性地引入傅里叶滑动平均(Fast Fourier Transform-Moving Average,FFT-MA)谱模拟进行频率域的地质统计模拟,并利用逐步变形算法(Gradual Deformation Method,GDM)确保模拟结果与实际地震数据的匹配,构建了基于FFT-MA谱模拟的新的快速随机反演方法.与常规随机反演相比,新方法不仅分辨率高,而且能够使反演解得到快速收敛,有效提高计算效率,减少内存占用.模型试算获得了与理论模型吻合度较好的高分辨率反演结果.实际资料分析也表明新方法所得到的高分辨率反演结果能够对薄互储层进行良好的展示,为薄储层的识别提供高效可靠的技术支持.     

基于地统计方法的气候要素空间插值研究

在回顾了地统计学的产生、发展及其基本原理的基础上,对于目前众多可以提供计算网格的气候要素的空间插值方法中,具体探讨了普通克里格法和协同克里格法。将甘肃省1961—1990年30年平均降水量和蒸发量作为区域化变量,根据不同的半变异函数理论模型,采用普通克里格法和双变量协同克里格法,通过对比分析得到：（1）不论是多年均降水量还是多年平均蒸发量在空间上都呈现明显的梯度变化,二者的空间变程都很大,而降水量变化幅度更大。降水量从东南部向西北部逐渐减少,蒸发量则相反,从东南向西北逐渐增加。（2）基于地统计的插值方法,根据半变异函数云图和试验方差最小的原理,选择合适的半变异函数理论模型进行变量的空间插值,能够较好地模拟区域化变量的空间连续分布格局,并取得较好的效果。对比普通克里格法和协同克里格法,后者增加了高度对降水量和蒸发量的影响,在空间分布上更为合理,插值的精度也要明显好于普通克里格法。（3）采用地统计方法虽然在总体上能够较好地反映气候要素的空间分布格局,但检验显示,两种方法空间插值的精度都还不是很高,插值的精度还有待进一步提高。     

����ͳ��ѧģ���ڱ������з����е�Ӧ��

?????????????????????????????GPS???μ?????????????????е??????? ???????????????????????????￥??????????У????ú??????????б????????????????з???????????????????????????е?????????????????????GPS????????￥???????о???????????????????????????Щ?????????????????????е?????????     

Use of an expert system to map forest soils from a geographical information system

Abstract

Mapping forest soils using conventional methods is time consuming and expensive. An expert system is described and applied to the mapping of five forest soil-landscape units formed on a single granitoid parent material. Three thematic maps were considered important in influencing the distribution of soils. The first showed the distribution of nine classes of native eucalypt forests, and the second and third were derived from a digital elevation model and represented slope gradient and a soil wetness index combined with topographical position. These layers were input to a raster based geographical information system (GIS) and then geometrically co-registered to a regular 30 m grid. From a knowledge of soil distributions, the relationships between the soil-landscape units and the three data layers were quantified by an experienced soil scientist and used as rules in a rule based expert system. The thematic layers accessed from the GIS provided data for the expert system to infer the forest soil-landscape unit most likely to occur at any given pixel. The soil-landscape map output by the expert system compared favourably with a conventional soil-landscape map generated using interpretation of aerial photographs.