Social Applications of Geographical Information Systems: technical tools for social innovation

ABSTRACT

The establishment of the National Key Centre for Social Applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in 1995, under the directorship of Professor Graeme Hugo, was a turning point in the use of GIS in Australia. The field of GIS, previously dominated by environmental applications, now broadened its focus to include populations, services and the interactions between people and the environment. Social applications of GIS offered a unique opportunity to make service planning, reporting, funding allocations and research both smarter and fairer. Geography and geographic relationships as implemented in GIS became the integrating platform for social spatial information, invigorating social research, planning and policy. A key strength of this approach, recognised by Professor Hugo, was the ability to ‘put people back into the planning process’. Further to being an integrating platform, GIS also offered the ability to generate new information and knowledge, which could facilitate evidence-based decision making. This paper focuses in particular on providing a written record of the development of the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) suite of spatial accessibility indices. The lasting legacy and continued relevance of this work in social applications of GIS is also reviewed in this paper, with reference to key examples of how social research and planning in Australia have been made both smarter and fairer through the contributions of Professor Hugo and his team.     

气象万千探本索源——南京信息工程大学“大气探测学科”发展历程回顾与展望

大气探测学科是大气科学学科重要的核心学科分支之一。我校大气探测学科从1973年创建至今,经47年的风雨征程,几代人的努力与执着,历经重组和调整,始终围绕学校发展目标,将专业建设与国家需求紧密接合,不断探索和加强人才培养、师资建设和提升科研水平,建立了特色鲜明的学科体系,为学校和中国气象事业的发展做出了重要贡献。本文概略介绍了大气探测学科内涵和我校大气探测学科概况,从初始建立、改革发展、发展提升等三个阶段描述学科沿革拓展、师资队伍壮大、实习实验设备、课程教材建设、基础理论技术研究、气象系统开发、学科建设成果及未来发展规划等。     

Spatially non-stationary relationships between urban residential land price and impact factors in Wuhan city,China

Land price plays an important role in guiding land resource allocation for urban planning and development, particularly in big cities of fast developing countries where infrastructures and populations change frequently. Therefore, detecting spatially implicit information in the spatial pattern of relationships between land price and related impact factors is critical. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis was conducted in this study for the purpose in Wuhan, China, by using a 10-year panel data set of residential land price. Based on twelve factors in three aspects (land attributes, location factors and neighborhood attributes), an evaluation index system of resident land price was established. The spatial distributions of estimated coefficients and pseudo t-values of three major explanatory variables (floor area ratio, distance to nearest center business district (CBD) and distance to nearest lake), obtained from GWR analysis, indicated that their relationships of the impact factors with land price are spatially non-stationary. The positive impact of floor area ratio on land price is more significant in highly developed areas than in less developed areas. Conversely, the negative impact of distance to nearest CBD on land price is larger in highly developed areas than in less developed areas. Moreover, wealthier dwellers may be willing to pay a higher price for a good lake view (especially views of small lakes), but infrastructure barriers (near some large lakes) cause negative effect. The outputs of this study, which provide detailed information on the relationships between land price and impact factors in local areas, are promising for urban planners to scientifically evaluate land price and make area-specific strategies.     

昭通彝良地质灾害信息系统设计与应用

基于MAPGIS组件,设计开发彝良地质灾害信息系统,能帮助工作人员了解境内地质灾害空间分布、地质灾害治理等情况,实现了对相关资料的管理。     

区域滑坡灾害风险评价方法研究

回顾了滑坡灾害风险评价研究进展,指出了现有评价方法的不足。然后提出了基于土地利用类型的滑坡灾害易损性评价方法,建立了针对滑坡灾害的防灾减灾能力评价指标体系,并给出了具体评价方法。最后提出了基于G IS的区域滑坡灾害风险评价流程以及滑坡灾害风险等级确定方法。     

建立地震信息服务系统的网络安全管理体系的探索

以国际信息安全标准BS7799/ISO17799为信息安全管理体系的准则,根据《中国地震局信息安全等级保护建设方案》的相关要求和规定,通过分析信息网络的层次关系,在科学的安全框架之上,探讨建立以防火墙系统、VPN应用系统、网络反病毒软件,以及入侵检测系统(IDS)安全策略为核心的地震信息服务系统网络安全管理体系构。     

GIS支持下的农用地分等研究——以新疆尉犁县为例

本文以尉犁县为例探讨了地理信息系统在农用地分等中的应用。在此次调研中充分利用MapGIS软件的空间分析功能,为农用地分等工作提供了更加便捷的途径。     

西藏墨脱公路断裂构造遥感分析及信息提取

在西藏墨脱公路断裂构造的遥感勘察中，以Landsat-7 ETM+卫星影像为信息源，以ENVI 4.0软件为图像处理平台，运用数据集成、图像融合、主成分分析及方向滤波等图像处理技术对断裂构造信息进行增强处理； 以基于地学知识的遥感构造分析技术对南迦巴瓦峰地区的断裂构造特征进行全面解译和识别，并在ArcGIS 8.2的支持下进行断裂构造专题制图及信息提取，查明了公路方案线区域内断裂构造的分布及发育特征，为墨脱公路工程线路方案选择、工程地质条件评价提供了科学依据。     

格尔木土地荒漠化遥感动态监测研究

探讨以TM/ETM为主要信息源,在沙漠地区提取专题信息的方法。对TM5/TM7波段进行密度分割,结合DEM数据生成的模板提取水体及盐漠信息;利用NDVI提取植被信息;通过光谱角分类法(SAM)提取沙化土地和盐渍化土地信息。将综合分类结果输入地理信息系统中,利用空间分析功能提取变化信息。结果表明,1996~2000年间,研究区内荒漠化土地明显增加;2000~2002年间荒漠化土地面积变化较小。考虑到研究区地处沙漠环境,人类活动影响较弱,因此地表景观变化的主要影响因素是气候和水文地质条件,而这些自然因素短期内变化不大,所以监测周期至少定为5 a比较合适。     

Information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City

IntroductionGeographic information System (GIS) is the technique Which has been developed and moremature in recent last 10 years. It is being eXtensively used tO build applied information system ormanagement system by corresponding departmentS, which brings remarkable benefit for societyand economy in scientific research and production. GIS may collect analyZe, manage and outputspace data expediently. And it has functions of regional analysis, analysis of various factors anddynamic predic…