Far-zone contributions to the gravity field quantities by means of Molodensky’s truncation coefficients

To reduce the numerical complexity of inverse solutions to large systems of discretised integral equations in gravimetric geoid/quasigeoid modelling, the surface domain of Green’s integrals is subdivided into the near-zone and far-zone integration sub-domains. The inversion is performed for the near zone using regional detailed gravity data. The farzone contributions to the gravity field quantities are estimated from an available global geopotential model using techniques for a spherical harmonic analysis of the gravity field. For computing the far-zone contributions by means of Green’s integrals, truncation coefficients are applied. Different forms of truncation coefficients have been derived depending on a type of integrals in solving various geodetic boundary-value problems. In this study, we utilise Molodensky’s truncation coefficients to Green’s integrals for computing the far-zone contributions to the disturbing potential, the gravity disturbance, and the gravity anomaly. We also demonstrate that Molodensky’s truncation coefficients can be uniformly applied to all types of Green’s integrals used in solving the boundaryvalue problems. The numerical example of the far-zone contributions to the gravity field quantities is given over the area of study which comprises the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The coefficients of a global geopotential model and a detailed digital terrain model are used as input data.     

利用多代卫星测高数据反演海洋重力异常及大地水准面

联合多代卫星测高数据,研究并实现了多种测高数据联合交叉点平差方法,削弱了数据内部系统性偏差;采用沿轨迹加权最小二乘方法,选取适当的搜索半径,确定了浙江近海剩余垂线偏差子午分量ξ和卯酉分量η;基于移去 恢复方法和FFT技术,利用剩余垂线偏差,考虑最内圈带的影响,选取适当的积分半径,反演得到了浙江近海高分辨率的重力异常模型和大地水准面模型;将浙江近海重力异常与船测重力进行比较,差值的均方根为±5.231 58 mGal;将浙江近海大地水准面与EGM96及EGM2008模型大地水准面进行比较,差值的均方根分别为±0.694 57 m及±0.029 51 m。     

地理学视角下的独立工矿区研究

独立工矿区是因矿产资源开发而兴起, 以资源开采加工为主导产业, 矿业职工及其家属为居民主体, 远离人口集聚区, 经济社会功能相对独立的区域。独立工矿区作为重要的能源资源供给地, 为国家经济建设和社会发展做出了重要贡献, 但现在却成为当前全国经济发展方式转型过程中不平衡、不协调和不可持续的问题最为集中的地区之一。本文按照“从实践中总结理论”的思路, 基于实地调研资料和既往研究成果, 结合现有界定标准和相关概念的差异, 对独立工矿区的概念进行辨析;并应用经济成长周期、地域生产综合体和演化经济地理等相关理论, 分析了独立工矿区形成和发展的特征和规律, 认为其本质上是资源丰富地区内部与外部系统之间相互作用和协调的结果;独立工矿区未来需以社会、经济和生态环境的协调为目标, 立足其自身属性, 实现多元化发展或特色发展。最后, 对独立工矿区的未来研究方向进行了展望, 主要包括独立工矿区界定标准的量化、资源环境承载力评价、地域功能演化机理研究和可持续发展模式的探讨。     

The gravity field and crustal thickness of Venus

The gravity and topography of Venus obtained from observations of the Magellan mission, as well as the gravity and topography from our numerical mantle convection model, are discussed in this paper. We used the hypothesis that the geoid of degrees 2–40 is produced by sublithospheric mantle density anomalies that are associated with dynamical process within the mantle. We obtained the model dynamical admittance(the geoid topography ratio based on a convection model) by a numerical simulation of the Venusian mantle convection, and used it to correct the dynamical effect in the calculation of crustal thickness. After deducting the dynamical effect, the thickness of the Venusian crust is presented. The results show that the gravity and topography are strongly correlated with the Venusian mantle convection and the Venusian crust has a significant influence on the topography. The Venusian crustal thickness varies from 28 to 70 km. Ishtar Terra, and Ovda Regio and Thetis Regio in western Aphrodite Terra have the highest crustal thickness(larger than 50 km). The high topography of these areas is thought to be supported by crustal compensation and our results are consistent with the hypothesis that these areas are remnants of ancient continents. The crustal thickness in the Beta, Themis, Dione, Eistla, Bell, and Lada regiones is thin and shows less correlation with the topography, especially in the Atla and Imdr regiones in the eastern part of Aphrodite Terra. This is consistent with the hypothesis that these highlands are mainly supported by mantle plumes. Compared with the crustal thickness calculated with the dynamical effect, our results are more consistent with the crust evolution and internal dynamical process of Venus.     

一种确定大地水准面重力位漂移δW的方法

理论上,大地水准面上的重力位常数W0决定了大地水准面的形状及大小。源于大地水准面重力位W0的系统误差将直接导致大地水准面的漂移,如何精确确定W0一直是大地测量学家极为感兴趣的问题。本文基于虚拟压缩恢复法,提出了一种不同于传统的确定大地水准面重力位漂移δW的方法。     

大地水准面异常和非洲下地幔异常体的结构

根据南部非洲CMB上存在一尖锐边界S波低速异常体(超级地幔柱)的最新研究成果,利用地震层析成像及重力场理论,对该异常体的结构进行了探讨。通过建立模型,计算了该模型S波低速异常体所对应的密度异常产生的区域大地水准面异常,并将其和观测大地水准面异常进行对比。通过调整模型的几何构架、物理参数和力学平衡效应(流体静力学平衡及对流动力学效应所引起的核幔边界地形的起伏),寻找能够符合实际观测大地水准面异常的模型参数,最终得到非洲底部异常体的结构。单一的异常体模型计算结果表明,只有在选取低S波速度高密度异常时,模型预测大地水准面异常才能较好地吻合实际观测(EGM96)分布,由此可以推断,该异常体可能是高密度、低S波速的化学成分不同的异常体。但是当考虑全部地幔地震层析成像的数据,将其引入模型大地水准面异常的预测并且尝试一系列模型之后发现如果用简单叠加地幔地震层析成像数据和模型异常体对大地水准面的影响来预测该地区大地水准面异常,无法获得与观测大地水准面相吻合的结果。因而考虑更为复杂的动力学模型将是很有必要的。     

我国精化大地水准面工作中若干问题的讨论

对我国正进行的精化大地水准面工作中若干问题作了讨论,包括:1)推估内插(或拟合)模型;2)利用莫霍面起伏资料代替均衡假说;3)GPS水准布网的优化设计;4)利用GPS水准及重力资料精化大地水准面的精度估计。     

最小二乘配置法中局部协方差函数的计算

随着 GPS日益广泛的应用及精度的不断提高 ,在有些实际应用中利用 GPS来代替传统的水准测量进行高程控制已成为可能 ,这也进一步提出了对高精度大地水准面的需求。快速傅立叶变换 (FFT)是目前计算大地水准面比较常用的方法之一 ,但需要将重力观测量进行内插得到规则格网上的平均重力异常。利用最小二乘配置法计算大地水准面可直接利用已有的观测值进行计算 ,同时可综合利用不同类型的数据 ,如重力异常和垂线偏差等计算大地水准面 ,因此最小二乘配置法仍有广泛的应用 ,但制约最小二乘配置应用的关键问题是局部协方差函数的计算。将主要讨论最小二乘配置法中局部协方差函数的计算 ,使所用的协方差函数能更好地反映已知的数据 ,从而获得更精确的结果。     

From fields to objects: A review of geographic boundary analysis

Geographic boundary analysis is a relatively new approach unfamiliar to many spatial analysts. It is best viewed as a technique for defining objects – geographic boundaries – on spatial fields, and for evaluating the statistical significance of characteristics of those boundary objects. This is accomplished using null spatial models representative of the spatial processes expected in the absence of boundary-generating phenomena. Close ties to the object-field dialectic eminently suit boundary analysis to GIS data. The majority of existing spatial methods are field-based in that they describe, estimate, or predict how attributes (variables defining the field) vary through geographic space. Such methods are appropriate for field representations but not object representations. As the object-field paradigm gains currency in geographic information science, appropriate techniques for the statistical analysis of objects are required. The methods reviewed in this paper are a promising foundation. Geographic boundary analysis is clearly a valuable addition to the spatial statistical toolbox.? This paper presents the philosophy of, and motivations for geographic boundary analysis. It defines commonly used statistics for quantifying boundaries and their characteristics, as well as simulation procedures for evaluating their significance. We review applications of these techniques, with the objective of making this promising approach accessible to the GIS-spatial analysis community. We also describe the implementation of these methods within geographic boundary analysis software: GEM. Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 7 September 1999