经济发展是否缩小区域间基本医疗卫生资源供给差距？

通过分析2000—2016年中国欠发达城市与发达城市之间的基本医疗卫生资源供给差异与人均GDP差异之间的关系,在使用滞后调整的面板数据模型基础上,对全国287个地级市的人均GDP收敛性及其基本医疗卫生资源供给水平随人均GDP变化的收敛性进行实证分析,得出如下结论：（1）2000—2016年,中国城市间人均GDP存在绝对β收敛,2008年后城市间经济收敛速度开始下降;（2）欠发达城市与发达城市之间总体的基本医疗卫生资源供给差异是显著收敛的。新医改之后其收敛速度呈加速趋势,但其收敛的速度仍远慢于人均GDP的收敛速度;（3）按照城市规模测算,大中小三类城市经济发展均存在绝对β收敛,新医改之前中等城市的欠发达与发达城市间基本医疗卫生资源供给差异随经济收敛呈现分散趋势,新医改之后,三类城市基本医疗卫生资源供给差异均呈现收敛状态,但大城市收敛速度呈下降趋势;（4）按照区域分类,四大区域的城市经济发展均存在绝对β收敛,东、中部地区欠发达城市与发达城市之间基本医疗卫生资源供给差异存在显著收敛,并且在新医改之后表现出加速趋势,西部及东北地区基本医疗卫生资源供给差异呈现分散趋势,但新医改之后其分散速度有所下降。     

Relative sea-level rise and the conterminous United States: Consequences of potential land inundation in terms of population at risk and GDP loss

Global sea-level rise poses a significant threat not only for coastal communities as development continues but also for national economies. This paper presents estimates of how future changes in relative sea-level rise puts coastal populations at risk, as well as affect overall GDP in the conterminous United States. We use four different sea-level rise scenarios for 2010–2100: a low-end scenario (Extended Linear Trend) a second low-end scenario based on a strong mitigative global warming pathway (Global Warming Coupling 2.6), a high-end scenario based on rising radiative forcing (Global Warming Coupling 8.5) and a plausible very high-end scenario, including accelerated ice cap melting (Global Warming Coupling 8.5+). Relative sea-level rise trends for each US state are employed to obtain more reasonable rates for these areas, as long-term rates vary considerably between the US Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts because of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, local subsidence and sediment compaction, and other vertical land movement. Using these trends for the four scenarios reveals that the relative sea levels predicted by century's end could range – averaged over all states – from 0.2 to 2.0 m above present levels. The estimates for the amount of land inundated vary from 26,000 to 76,000 km². Upwards of 1.8 to 7.4 million people could be at risk, and GDP could potentially decline by USD 70–289 billion. Unfortunately, there are many uncertainties associated with the impact estimates due to the limitations of the input data, especially the input elevation data. Taking this into account, even the most conservative scenario shows a significant impact for the US, emphasizing the importance of adaptation and mitigation.     

GDP32瞬变电磁法数据转换方法及实现

瞬变电磁法在矿产资源等勘查领域已广泛应用,成为寻找铜多金属硫化物矿床的重要方法。GDP32作为多功能电法工作站,现已普遍应用于地质勘查工作。但其数据处理软件功能较少,用户界面单调,操作性不强,无法满足干扰区数据的选择和调整,本文就其数据转换原理及实现方法进行介绍,方便大家自行编写数据预处理程序。     

温室气体排放评价指标及其定量分析

温室气体排放的科学定量评价是建立国际温室气体减排框架、确定各国合理的减排责任、部署国际减排行动的基础。通过系统阐述目前国际上通行的温室气体排放的主要评价指标(国别排放指标、人均排放指标、GDP 排放指标和国际贸易排放指标等), 并通过定量评价剖析这些评价指标的优缺点及其局限性。讨论了发展科学、公平和易于广泛接受的新评价指 标的可能性。基于可持续发展的公平性原则, 提出了“工业化累积人均排放量” 的新指标, 以客观定量评价世界各国工业化以来温室气体历史累积排放量的当代人均量。新指标的结果显示, 英美等老牌工业化国家的工业化累积人均排放量远高于全球平均水平和发展中国家的 水平。还提出并讨论了人均单位GDP 排放量、消费排放量、生存排放量等潜在的评价指标。     

世界排放大国CO2排放和GDP的格兰杰因果分析及其对国际气候治理的影响和意义

基于1990—2015年世界前20个排放大国碳排放量和国内生产总值（GDP）的时间序列数据,采用协整分析、格兰杰因果检验,对主要排放大国碳排放与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。通过协整分析得出大多数国家的碳排放量与经济增长之间存在长期均衡关系;碳排放量和GDP的格兰杰检验结果显示,大多数世界排放大国碳排放与经济增长之间存在单向因果关系。发达国家主要表现为经济增长是碳排放的格兰杰原因,发展中国家则主要表现为碳排放是经济增长的格兰杰原因。研究结果反映了发达国家和发展中国家在碳减排问题上的阶段性特征,碳减排对发展中国家经济发展的负面影响明显大于发达国家。基于格兰杰因果分析结果,国际气候治理进程中关于要求发展中国家现阶段提出大幅减排目标的诉求不符合发展中国家发展阶段特征,可能影响发展中国家经济发展的正常秩序和规律。发达国家基于历史排放责任、发展阶段和能力,都应该带头开展减排行动,并帮助发展中国家实现转型、升级发展,降低经济发展对碳排放的依赖。国际气候治理需要根据并考虑不同国家的发展需求和特征,形成国际合作制度安排,实现社会经济发展与全球气候治理的协同。     

中国山区经济发展的区域差异

中国区域经济发展不平衡除呈东中西部三大地带的差异外,还呈平原、丘陵、山区发展的差距。在此基础上,叠加城乡经济发展差异,形成犬牙交错的多维、多梯度差异。人均GDP由东部城市、中部城市、东部整体、西部城市、东部丘陵、东部山区、中部整体、西部总体、中部丘陵、中部山区、西部丘陵、西部山区逐渐降低。人均GDP的最大差距出现在珠江三角洲和长江三角洲的大中城市与宁夏、甘肃、贵州等省(区)的山区之间。区域经济发展不平衡主要受第二三产业发展水平差异的影响,受第一产业的影响较小。中国要实现全面小康,必须逐步缩小区域之间的发展差距,关键是加快西部山区的发展。     

IPCC emission scenarios: How did critiques affect their quality and relevance 1990–2022?

Long-term global emission scenarios enable the analysis of future climate change, impacts, and response strategies by providing insight into possible future developments and linking these different climate research elements. Such scenarios play a crucial role in the climate change literature informing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Assessment Reports (ARs) and support policymakers. This article reviews the evolution of emission scenarios, since 1990, by focusing on scenario critiques and responses as published in the literature. We focus on the issues raised in the critiques and the possible impact on scenario development. The critique (280) focuses on four areas: 1) key scenario assumptions (40%), 2) the emissions range covered by the scenarios and missing scenarios (25%), 3) methodological issues (24%), and 4) the policy relevance and handling of uncertainty (11%). Scenario critiques have become increasingly influential since 2000. Some areas of critique have decreased or become less prominent (probability, development process, convergence assumptions, and economic metrics). Other areas have become more dominant over time (e.g., policy relevance & implications of scenarios, transparency, Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) assumptions, missing scenarios). Several changes have been made in developing scenarios and their content that respond to the critique.