污染场地土壤的光谱特征分析

随着经济发展与城市化进程的加速,随之带来的土壤污染等环境问题呼之欲出。传统的土壤环境监测方法依赖于定点采样分析,耗时长,成本高;而遥感技术凭借监测范围广、速度快、成本低和便于进行长期动态监测等优势,已广泛应用于环境地球化学和土壤科学等领域。文章以天津某农药厂为研究对象,在地面土壤光谱实测以及土壤中农药类污染物化学分析的基础上,开展农药类污染物的土壤光谱响应特征研究,分析不同农药类污染物对土壤光谱特征的影响,为进一步应用遥感技术进行土壤地球化学填图、土壤质量评价等提供参考。     

The role of organic matter in the sorption capacity of marine sediments

Past studies have suggested that desiccation enhances hydrophobicity of salt marsh sediment, and that drying and rewetting sediment can be used to investigate sorption mechanisms of amino acids and other organic compounds [Liu, Z., Lee, C., 2006. Drying effects on sorption capacity of coastal sediment: The importance of architecture and polarity of organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 3313–3324]. Here we further develop this technique to study sorption of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic compounds in a wide range of marine sediments. Our results show that hydrophilic compounds sorb strongly to wet coastal sediments; in dried sediments, sorption of hydrophilic compounds decreases, while sorption of hydrophobic compounds is greatly enhanced. Small compounds with aromatic rings sorb more in dried than wet coastal sediments, suggesting that aromatic groups have a stronger effect on sorption than polar groups like amino and carboxyl moieties. Sorption of lysine, glutamic acid and putrescine decreases greatly when sediment is pretreated with KCl, indicating the importance of cation ion exchange. However, α-amino acids sorb much more than corresponding β- or γ-amino acids, and l-alanine sorbs more than d-alanine, suggesting that amino group location and chiral selectivity play an important role in sorption. Comparison of lysine and tyrosine sorption in different sediments indicates that source and diagenetic state of organic matter are important factors determining sorption capacity. Lysine sorbs much more to organic detritus from salt marsh sediment than to fresh Spartina root materials, marine particles, lignin or humic acids, indicating the importance of structural integrity in sorption. Desorption hysteresis of glutamic acid, putrescine and lysine (in dried sediment) suggests the presence of enzyme-type sorption sites of high sorption energy or multiple binding mechanisms. Taken together, these findings suggest that organic matter plays the major role in amino acid sorption in organic-rich sediments.     

地球静止卫星和网格化站点支持下的PM2.5精细制图

许多城市建立的相对稠密的网格化监测站点,为精细化监管城市空气质量奠定了基础。本文选用徐州市网格化监测数据、地球静止卫星Himawari-8/AHI及COMS/GOCI的表观反射率和气溶胶光学厚度数据、气象和其他辅助数据,开展了徐州地区0.005°空间分辨率网格的PM_2.5浓度精细化制图研究。本文使用了极端梯度提升（XGBoost）、随机森林（RF）及时空加权回归（GTWR）等3种方法,并选用多种特征参数组合进行对比分析。综合分析模型精度和过拟合程度,结果表明XGBoost模型表现最好,其R²为0.90,RMSE为11.65 μg/m³。进一步将本文结果与国控站点、清华大学的TAP数据集和马里兰大学的CHAP数据集的对比分析,结果表明基于网格化站点的PM_2.5制图结果能更好地反映城市内部不同区域的PM_2.5浓度分布差异性,弥补因国控站点稀疏带来的缺陷,更好地服务于城市空气质量精准管控。     

西安地铁二号线工程深层水准标建设

西安市建设的地铁二号线,为轨道交通南北方向骨干线,线路穿越全国重点保护文物古迹明城墙和钟楼以及地面沉降区和地裂缝发育区。在工程建设和运营期,均需要进行精密水准测量。为此西安地铁公司专门建设了两座深层水准标。通过对特殊环境地质条件下深层标建设场址的选择及稳定性评价、深层标结构科学设计和精心施工,建设的深层标不仅满足特定的地铁工程建设和运营的需要,对于在复杂环境地质条件和深厚覆盖层地区建设高精度测量网也有借鉴作用。     

Kalman filter finite element method applied to dynamic ground motion

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the estimation of dynamic elastic behavior of the ground using the Kalman filter finite element method. In the present paper, as the state equation, the balance of stress equation, the strain–displacement equation and the stress–strain equation are used. For temporal discretization, the Newmark ¼ method is employed, and for the spatial discretization the Galerkin method is applied. The Kalman filter finite element method is a combination of the Kalman filter and the finite element method. The present method is adaptable to estimations not only in time but also in space, as we have confirmed by its application to the Futatsuishi quarry site. The input data are the measured velocity, acceleration, etc., which may include mechanical noise. It has been shown in numerical studies that the estimated velocity, acceleration, etc., at any other spatial and temporal point can be obtained by removing the noise included in the observation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浙江省江山市城区建筑场地类型初析

在简要阐述浙江省江山市城区地质背景的基础上，划分了城区建筑场地的类型，并提出了场地客级的一些初步意见。     

湖南中部中泥盆世的轮藻化石及其生活环境探讨

湖南中部长沙、宁乡、益阳、安化、涟源、邵东等县，中泥盆统跳马涧组和棋子桥组产丰富的轮藻化石，以宁乡县崔坪峡塘剖面为代表，有3属7种1型1新种，并首次发现了轮藻植物节部化石，建立了2个化石带：（1）Trochiliscus ingricus-Eochara changshaensis组合带，分布在跳马涧组，时代为中泥盆世早期；（2）Sycidium顶峰带，分布在棋子桥组，时代为中泥盆世晚期，并对轮藻的生活环境进行了探讨。     

工程场地破裂灾害理论初探

工程场地破裂灾害是区域非稳定动力学环境下的灾害效应之一，但目前对其尚无针对性系统研究，本文探讨了工程场地破裂的涵义，相关课题，研究现状，研究内容，并提出了自己的理论认识和观点，论述了区域非稳定动力学环境下的工场地破裂效应。     

Negative Dislocation Model and the Movement Pattern of a Fault:Determination of Potential Earthquake Sources in Western Yunnan

To determine the locked and slip parts on a fault,we simulated the movement pattern of the fault with a combined model consisting of a negative dislocation in the locked area superimposed on a relative movement between two sides of the fault.In this way,we determined the locked parts of faults by inversion with multiple epochs of geodetic data.In this paper,we have determined the movement patterns of four main faults in western Yunnan by inversion with two epochs of geodetic surveys and some crossing-fault observations.From the inversion result,we have identified the areas around Dali and Xiangyun to be the locked area,which is regarded as a sign of potential earthquake sources.     

核废物处置场岩体断裂的遥感分析

本文利用ＴＭ和ＳＩＲ－Ａ遥感图像对甘肃北山区４个预选的核废物处置场址的岩体断裂进行了解释和编图。并运用线性构造统计分析方法，对岩体断裂发育程度进行了统计分析。