巢湖凌家滩遗址古人类活动的地理环境特征

通过对巢湖凌家滩文化遗址的野外勘查、采样和室内磁化率、烧失量、化学元素及光释光年代分析,结合巢湖湖泊岩芯记录的中全新世环境特征、研究区较高分辨率遥感影像和文物考古成果,综合研究表明:古凌家滩人生活于中全新世气候适宜期,其文化的发展和繁荣处在气候由温暖湿润向温和略干转换的过渡阶段;晚更新世末期堆积形成的地面(OSL年代11.6 ±1.0 ka B.P.)是古凌家滩人生活的地貌面,本区古地貌面海拔以及拔河高度与现今不同,这与该区新构造运动沉降和气候-水文因素作用有关;中全新世温暖湿润的气候条件下,太湖山南麓台地被进一步切割为山前长条形岗地与河流相间的地貌形态,遗址所在的长岗岗地是东、西、南三面临水的"半岛"环境,河川相连,便于水运交通、渔猎和水稻种植。     

探地雷达应用于城市固体废弃物填埋场的构想

介绍了探地雷达技术的基本工作原理及其在某些领域的应用效果,提出了应用探地雷达技术进行城市固体废弃物填埋场选址、渗漏检测以及封场后覆盖层厚度测定等研究的构想,并探讨了探地雷达技术的可行性和技术优势。在总结相关文献的基础上,结合现场调查认为,应用探地雷达技术进行填埋场选址、渗漏检测以及封场后覆盖层厚度测定等研究工作是行之有效的一种新方法。     

交河故城瞭望台保护加固技术

交河故城遗址是第一批全国重点文物保护单位,瞭望台是交河故城内重要建筑遗址,它的主要病害是表面风化、裂隙密布、洞顶失稳。在分析病害形成机理的基础上,重点研究了生土遗址保护加固的几个关键技术,对掏蚀深度相对于悬挑土体厚度较小的土遗址,当基础掏蚀深度小于块体宽度的30 %时,可不采用砌补技术,只进行表面防风化处理;可选择竹木锚杆、PS-C浆液灌浆加固生土遗址,锚杆的单位锚固力可采用5 kN/m;采用新奥法加固洞顶可较好地保持文物原貌;西部干旱地区采用PS材料对土遗址进行防风化加固时应采用低浓度（小于5 %）、多次渗透的方式,迎风面渗透次数应不少于3遍,背风面应达4～5遍,并应合理选择施工时间。工程实践检验表明,这些保护技术取得了理想的加固效果。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路固沙植物立地条件分区评价

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线气候恶劣、土壤和浅层地下水的含盐量高,沿线天然植被稀少,沙漠腹地仅发现12种能忍耐干旱和抗盐的植物种。经过科学试验,已经解决了沙漠腹地灌溉条件下固沙植物引种、选育和咸水灌溉等一系列人工绿地建设的技术难题,并且已经引种固沙植物50多种,建成沙漠公路固沙、基地绿化人工绿地43.3 hm2。沙漠人工植物栽培离不开灌溉。因此,主要从沿线土壤盐分状况,可利用水资源分布来评价植物固沙的立地条件。评价结果,在塔里木河近现代冲积平原有古河道淡水可以利用,昆仑山山前冲洪积扇普遍赋存可以利用的咸水。但全线可利用水资源的量不足以维持常规灌溉方式,必须采取节水灌溉,尽量节省资源,一些地方生物防沙要结合工程固沙,形成工程生物防沙体系,保证公路的畅通。     

“Site & region-specific” response spectra: a probabilistic approach

Design seismic forces depend on Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values and on the shape of Response Spectrum (RS) curves dictated by Building Codes or which need to be evaluated in every particular case. The PGA values and RS curves strictly depend on earthquake magnitude and distance, as well as on the regional and local geological conditions. At present, there is no doubt that it is necessary to construct so-called “Site & Region-specific” Building Code provisions reflecting the influence of different magnitude events at different distances that may occur during the life time of the construction, as well as the variety of local ground conditions. A scheme of Uniform Hazard Response Spectra and PGA estimation considering local site response is described in this paper. The assessments of these design parameters are obtained on the basis of Uniform Hazard Fourier spectra using the conception of “dominant earthquakes”. The effect of local geology is included by means of the soil/reference site spectral ratios.     

核址地脉动测试与分析研究

较深入的探讨了地脉动脉测试的方法技术和仪器设备,并分析研究了地脉动测试在确定核址场地卓越周期、脉动幅值等动力特征中应注意的问题。     

荣河故城城址考正与1556 年华县大震

荣河县是历史上山西省南部一个古行政管辖区, 由于社会和历史变迁, 当时荣河县城的准确地理位置现在已不清楚, 以致错把现今的荣河镇当成了昔日的荣河城。通过史记查寻与现代测绘地形图的判读以及有关史料的综合分析, 从多个方面证实, 在现荣河镇西南黄河东岸河漫滩上残留的古城遗迹是当年的荣河县城。新考证的荣河故城同历史上秦、晋、豫三省交界的蒲洲等古城一样, 都位于黄河河漫滩之上, 有着相同的地貌、水文地质和工程地质条件。从荣河、蒲洲等城址自身地质条件的好坏、抗震性能优劣、1556 年华县地震时遭受的破坏程度以及它们彼此间的相对位置来分析, 1556 年华县大地震的宏观震中位置不应在蒲州— 永济地区,仍可能在华县一带。     

长江三角洲7000年来的环境变迁

上海马桥遗址14C测年、环境地球化学、孢粉与环境磁学分析,结合搜集的研究区部分考古地层与自然地层分析,结果表明,7 200 aBP~5 300 aBP研究区经历一次海退过程,大面积土地裸露,为良渚时期人类活动提供了广阔空间。该期适宜的气候使当时人类活动频繁,文化发达,出现前所未有的玉器文化。良渚文化后期气候向干冷转化,导致一次大范围的洪泛期,使良渚文化衰落。考古地层、自然洪积层以及与建湖庆丰剖面气候曲线分析表明,研究区洪泛期与气候转型期相一致。考古地层与自然地层对比研究认为,洪水事件是研究区存在多期文化断层的重要原因。     

Study of site effects in the area of Nocera Umbra (Central Italy) during the 1997 Umbria-Marche seismic sequence

During the M_L = 5.6 and 5.8 earthquakes occurredin central Italy on 26 September 1997 the historiccentre of Nocera Umbra, lying on top of a 120 m highhill, was diffusely damaged (VII-VIII degrees of MCSintensity). Some recently built houses in the modernpart of the town suffered an even higher level ofdamage. A temporary seismic array was deployed toinvestigate a possible correlation between localamplifications of ground motion in this area and theobserved pattern of damage. After a geologic andmacroseismic survey, eight sites were selected asrepresentative of different local conditions, such astopographic irregularities, sharp hard-to-softlithology transitions, alluvium-filled valleys, andboth undisturbed and deformed rocks.Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios for bothmicrotremor and earthquake recordings, as well asspectral ratios referred to undisturbed rock sites,were used to quantify local variations of groundmotion. In spite of the diffuse damage in the historiccentre of Nocera Umbra, a small amplification isobserved at the stations on the hill's top. Thissuggests that the higher vulnerability of the ancientbuildings mainly accounts for the diffuse damage inthat part of the town. In the frequency band ofengineering interest (1 to 10 Hz) the largestamplifications of ground motion are found at softsites: in the Topino river valley, where many episodesof severe structural damage occurred, spectralamplification is significant over a broad frequencyband ranging from 2 Hz to more than 20 Hz. Inparticular, in the central part of the valley highamplification (> 4) is found from 3 to 10 Hz,reaching a maximum of 20 around 4 Hz. At the edge ofthe valley, close to the soil-to-rock transition,amplification is as large as 10 in a frequency bandranging from 4 to more than 20 Hz. A significantamplification (by a factor of 10 around 10 Hz) isobserved also at one of the rock sites, possibly dueto the presence of a cataclastic zone related to theactivity of a regional fault that altered themechanical properties of the rock.     

Complex site effects and building codes: Making the leap

The engineering community is aware of the importance of site effects, but it lags behind seismological studies when it comes to incorporating site effect considerations in design spectra for seismic norms. This lag is reflected in the conspicuous fact that current building codes make allowance for 1D site effects but ignore complex site effects. The purpose of this paper is to explore a way for including complex site effects in a building code environment. We take as example Eurocode 8, which is a modern code that exemplifies the current approach to site effect consideration. We examine the restrictions that we have imposed to make the problem of a feasible size and discuss the approach we have taken. We propose a strategy to incorporate a class of complex site effects in a design elastic spectrum.