景观格局的数量研究方法

依据景观局数量方法的研究进展,从单个斑块特征分析、单一景观要素的格局分析及景观镶嵌体特征分析等三个方面介绍了数量分析方法,并介绍最常用的和近年来发展的新方法。     

深圳河口泥滩3种大型多毛类的数量动态及其环境分析

深圳湾潮间带泥滩宽阔,低潮时面积约27km2,陆向以红树林沼泽地为边界,有深圳河和元郎溪等许多河流和小溪流入湾内.每年有数万只鸟类在深圳河口红树林区和泥滩栖息和觅食[1],因此,深圳湾的环境越来越受到重视[2].1993年,香港和深圳协作治理深圳河,由北京大学总承担,清华大学、厦门大学、汇亚环保顾问公司、环境科学顾问(亚洲)有限公司、世界自然(香港)基金会、深圳市环境监测站、华南环境科学研究院和广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区等协作进行环境影响评估研究.     

Study on method of quantitative assessment of fragile environment

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斑节对虾虾苗白斑综合症杆状病毒的检测和养殖跟踪

利用 2步 PCR检测技术对湛江和阳西地区的虾苗进行白斑综合病杆状病毒 ( WSSV)检测。在仔虾 2日龄最早检测到病毒 ,有 2 5%的虾苗带有 WSSV病毒。带病毒虾苗和不带病毒虾苗分别在不同养殖模式的养殖过程中跟踪。前者在湛江湖光镇普通虾塘跟踪养殖 ,它们在变化的环境中容易发病 ,p H、盐度和温度是重要的诱发因子 ,在养殖 50～ 60 d时发病死亡 ;后者在高位池和普通池养殖跟踪 ,它们对变化的环境有较大的适应性 ,养殖时间为 80～ 1 1 0 d,在相对优良的养殖技术条件下大部分可望养殖成功。环境中有 WSSV病原传入 ,不带病毒虾苗在养殖后期可以带有 WSSV病毒 ,出现白斑虾。跟踪的普通池有爆发病害 ,但是时间延后 ,跟踪的高位池没有爆发病害。     

Simultaneous enumeration of diatom,protozoa and meiobenthos from marine sediments using Ludox-QPS method

The Ludox-QPS method is a newly developed technique, which combines the Ludox HS 40 density centrifugation and quantitative protargol stain, to enumerate marine ciliates with good taxonomic resolution. We tested the method for simultaneous enumeration of diatoms, protozoa and meiobenthos and compared its extraction efficiency for meiobenthos with that of the routine Ludox-TM centrifugation and a modified protocol using Ludox HS 40. We conducted the evaluation with a sample size of 8.3 ml each from sandy, muddy-sand and muddy sediments collected from the intertidal area of the Yellow Sea in summer 2006 and spring 2007. The Ludox-QPS method not only produced high extraction efficiencies of 97±1.3% for diatoms and 97.6±0.8% for ciliates, indicating a reliable enumeration for eukaryotic microbenthos, but also produced excellent extraction efficiencies of on average 97.3% for total meiobenthos, 97.9% for nematodes and 97.8% for copepods from sands, muddy sands and mud. By contrast, the routine Ludox-TM centrifugation obtained only about 74% of total meiobenthos abundance with one extraction cycle, and the modified Ludox HS 40 centrifugation yielded on average 93% of total meiobenthos: 89.4±2.0% from sands, 93±4.1% from muddy sands and 97.1±3.0% from mud. Apart from the sediment type, sample volume was another important factor affecting the extraction efficiency for meiobenthos. The extraction rate was increased to about 96.4% when using the same modified Ludox centrifugation for a 4 ml sediment sample. Besides the excellent extraction efficiency, the Ludox-QPS method obtained higher abundances of meiobenthos, in particular nematodes, than the routine Ludox centrifugation, which frequently resulted in an uncertain loss of small meiobenthos during the sieving process. Statistical analyses demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the meiobenthos communities revealed by the Ludox-QPS method and the modified Ludox HS 40 centrifugation, showing the high efficiency of the Ludox-QPS method for simultaneous enumeration of diatom, protozoa and meiobenthos. Moreover, the comparatively high taxonomic resolution of the method, especially for diatoms and ciliates, makes it feasible to investigate microbial ecology at community level.     

水产动物致病性副溶血弧菌双重PCR 检测方法的研究

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是多种水产养殖动物的主要病原菌,尤其是可引起凡纳滨对虾幼虾呈毁灭性死亡。本研究基于gyrB和toxR两种基因序列设计2对特异性引物,建立一种副溶血弧菌快速、准确的双重PCR检测方法,扩增目的片段大小分别为285 bp和368 bp。结果表明在同一PCR反应体系中副溶血弧菌可同时扩增大小分别为285 bp和368 bp的2种基因片段,两种引物对4种其他水产动物病原菌无交叉反应;敏感性检测结果显示,该双重PCR最低能检测8.867 2×103 CFU/mL菌体浓度的副溶血弧菌,对副溶血弧菌模板DNA的检出极限为0.029 3 mg/L;对发病中国对虾糠虾幼体、水产品及虾池养殖用水进行双重PCR检测,呈阳性反应的样品可分离出优势生长的副溶血弧菌。该实验所建立的基于gyrB和toxR两种基因的双重PCR检测方法可用于副溶血弧菌引起的水产动物疾病的快速诊断及分子流行病学的调查研究。     

中国明对虾TOR 基因的克隆及精氨酸、亮氨酸对其表达的影响

首次从中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensiss)肌肉组织中克隆得到TOR基因的cDNA,全长共7 638 bp,开放阅读框7 389 bp,编码2 462个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对和结构域分析均证实其为目前已知的TOR激酶的同源蛋白。应用实时定量PCR的方法研究TOR在中国明对虾中的组织分布特异性,以及注射等浓度的亮氨酸和精氨酸后,肌肉组织中TOR mRNA表达水平在3,6,12,24 h的变化,探讨营养水平对TOR基因表达的影响。结果显示,注射亮氨酸和精氨酸24 h的对虾TOR mRNA表达量是对照组的3~4倍,显著升高(P0.05),证实氨基酸对TOR的表达具有调节作用。     

对虾白斑症病毒(WSSV)部分克隆片段的序列测定及PCR扩增

对克隆的 WSSV基因组 Xba 1.8kb片段进行序列测定 ,根据所测定的核酸序列 ,通过计算机软件分析 ,设计出一对 PCR引物。所设计的 PCR引物能从纯化 WSSV及患白斑症的对虾组织中扩增出长为 92 1bp的目的 DNA片段 ,并且能检测出 0 .2～ 0 .4μg病虾肌肉组织中的 WSSV。健康对虾、感染MBV的斑节对虾仔虾及 SINPV的扩增结果均为阴性。表明所建立的 WSSV PCR检测法灵敏而且特异。     

An ANN algorithm for automatic, real-time tsunami detection in deep-sea level measurements

The present paper looks at algorithms to be implemented in the software of bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) for the automatic, real-time detection of a tsunami within recorded signals. The structure of an algorithm based on the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) is presented and compared to the one developed under the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program run by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The performance and efficiency of the two algorithms are compared using both synthetic and actually measured time series. Results show that an improvement in detection performance can be obtained by using the ANN algorithm.