地理信息系统在渤海湾水体富营养化研究中的应用

一般的关系型数据库处理近岸海域富营养化监测数据时难以同时管理数据的空间属性和一般属性,且不具有对数据进行空间分析的能力。文中以A rcG IS地理信息系统为数据管理平台,克服了一般数据库的上述缺陷。文章以渤海湾水体富营养化研究为实例,应用A rcG IS地理信息系统自身的功能对监测数据进行了空间分布特性和时间变化趋势分析及水体营养状况的评价,取得了较满意的结果。     

太湖流域典型中小型湖泊富营养化演变分析(1991-2010年)

通过分析太湖流域的中小型湖泊富营养化指标近20年的变化趋势,探讨流域富营养化特征的总体演变趋势.从全流域看,总氮浓度在近20年里呈稳中略降的趋势;而总磷浓度在近20年里有较明显上升趋势;作为营养物上升的直接响应指标叶绿素a呈快速上升趋势,平均值从1991年的7.0μg/L上升至2010年的27.5μg/L,20年间上升了近3倍,叶绿素a数据离散程度出现大幅上升,标准差从1991年的1.25μg/L上升至2010年的19.06μg/L,说明各湖富营养化程度的空间分异性在加大,藻华风险增加;透明度在近20年中虽有波动,但整体仍呈下降趋势.综合营养状态指数(TLIc)计算结果显示,近20年过水型湖泊淀山湖和昆承湖的TLIc指数明显高于封闭型湖泊水源地尚湖和傀儡湖.典型过水型湖泊(淀山湖)、封闭型湖泊水源地(尚湖和傀儡湖)以及典型的渔业生产型湖泊(长荡湖)的富营养化演变过程有所差异,主要受湖泊本身自然属性、污染控制强度、管理模式、功能定位等影响.     

Effect of eutrophication on molluscan community composition in the Lake Dianchi (China, Yunnan)

In this paper, three historical biodiversity datasets (from 1940s, 1980–1999 and 2000–2004) and results from the recent inventory are used to trace the long-term changes of the mollusks in the eutrophic Lake Dianchi. Comparison of the obtained results with those of earlier investigations performed during the period of 1940s and 1980–1999 as well as 2000–2004 showed that changes have occurred in the interval. There were 31 species and 2 sub-species recorded prior to the 1940s, but the species richness decreased from a high level of 83 species and 7 sub-species to 16 species and one sub-species from 1990s to the early of 21st century in lake body. Species from the genera of Kunmingia, Fenouilia, Paraprygula, Erhaia, Assiminea, Galba, Rhombuniopsis, Unionea and Aforpareysia were not found in Dianchi basin after 2000. The species from the genera Lithoglyphopsis, Tricula, Bithynia, Semisulcospira and Corbicula were only found in the springs and upstream rivers. Anoxia and the changing of substrates and fish species composition could explain why molluscan community composition changed in eutrophic Lake Dianchi. Additionally, the different sampling methods and ignore of the specific groups in earlier studies are cause for Sphaerium and Pisidium first found in our study. This study is first time to enlarge the investigation region to the Dianchi basin. Although some endemic species disappeared in the lake body, they still distribute in the springs and upstream rivers. The springs and upstream rivers are important refuges for mollusks.     

Ecological risk assessment of eutrophication in Songhua Lake, China

The Songhua Lake in the Northeast China is chosen as a study case in this paper. Monitoring of samples and analysis 18 indexes related to the eutrophication in the Songhua Lake had been conducted in 2002–2004. Ecological risk assessment methods are employed here. The study results showed that total phosphorus and total nitrogen were main risk factors to impact on the eutrophication of the Songhua Lake, and influence of the phosphorus on the lake eutrophication was larger than that of nitrogen. Algal growth potential test was also conducted to validate the results. High phosphorus and high nitrogen concentrations were mostly distributed in Huifahekou and Jiaohe sites of the Songhua Lake. Threshold values of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and Chl-a concentrations from dose-effective examination were 0.065 mg/L, 0.843 mg/L, and 11.90 μg/L, respectively. The probability of the eutrophication appeared in the Songhua Lake was 0.69, of them, risk-free type area was 19.21% of total lake area, slight risk type area was 30.10%, middle risk type area was 16.50%, heavy risk type area was 25.8%, hyper risk type area was 8.39%. In order to control the eutrophication in the Songhua Lake, maximum permission discharges of total phosphorus and total nitrogen to the lake would be 2,123.78, 7,018.82 t/a, respectively.     

Seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in Victoria Harbour and its vicinity before and after sewage abatement

This study investigated the seasonal and spatial dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass at 12 stations in Hong Kong (HK) waters during a three year period from 2004 to 2006 after upgraded sewage treatment and compared these results to observations before sewage treatment. Pearl River estuary (PRE) discharge significantly increased NO(3) and SiO(4) concentrations, particularly in western and southern waters when rainfall and river discharge was maximal in summer. Continuous year round discharge of sewage effluent resulted in high NH(4) and PO(4) in Victoria Harbour (VH) and its vicinity. In winter, spring and fall, the water column at all stations was moderately mixed by winds and tidal currents, and phytoplankton biomass was relatively low compared to summer. In summer, the mean surface phytoplankton chl biomass was generally > 9 microL(-1) in most areas as a result of thermohaline stratification, and high nutrients, light, and water temperature. In summer, the potential limiting nutrient is PO(4) in the most productive southern waters and it seldom decreased to limiting levels ( approximately 0.1 microM), suggesting that phytoplankton growth may be only episodically limiting. The mean bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) remained > 3.5 mg L(-1) at most stations, indicating that the eutrophication impact in HK waters was not as severe as expected for such a eutrophic area. After the implementation of chemically enhanced primary sewage treatment in 2001, water quality in VH improved as indicated by a significant decrease in NH(4) and PO(4) and an increase in bottom DO. In contrast, there were an increase in chl a and NO(3), and a significant decrease in bottom DO in southern waters in summer, suggesting that hypoxic events are most likely to occur in this region if phytoplankton biomass and oxygen consumption keep increasing and exceed the buffering capacity of HK waters maintained by monsoon winds, tidal mixing and zooplankton grazing. Therefore, future studies on the long-term changes in nutrient loading from PRE and HK sewage discharge will be crucial for developing future strategies of sewage management in HK waters.     

Sources and sinks of nutrients in a New Zealand hill pasture catchment II. Phosphorus

The management of the riparian zone has been suggested as a technique for controlling the amounts of phosphorus (P) entering watercourses draining pasture catchments. A study was therefore made of P entering a stream from various sources (rainfall, surface and subsurface derived runoff, direct fallout from aerial topdressing), with the object of providing a rational basis for the design of effective riparian management schemes. P entrained in surface runoff could account for virtually all of the P entering the stream during storms. Approximately 20 per cent of the annual P export from the catchment could be accounted for by direct aerial input of P to the stream during autumn fertilizer topdressing. More than 85 per cent of the P was exported from the catchment as particulate P. Stream sediment had higher P sorption capacities, and were enriched with P relative to the soils from which they were derived. There was a pronounced seasonal variation in sediment enrichment which could be predicted (r² = 0.92) by the logarithm of the rainfall since fertilizer topdressing (LNFERT) and flood intensity. The amount of P lost in streamflow during any flood event was predicted (r² = 0.94) by peak flow, seven day antecedent peak flow and LNFERT. Approximately 40 per cent of the 1.3 kg P ha^?1 exported during 1981 occurred in four storms with recurrence intervals of more than three months. From a P budget compiled from nine events it was hypothesized that the stream acted as a net sink for P at baseflow and low-medium intensity floods but was a source of P at higher flood intensities. It was concluded that P losses from hill pasture catchments could be reduced by avoidance of direct application of P fertilizer to the stream channel, and by fencing out stock from seasonally saturated areas during periods of saturation. The ultimate success of the latter technique would depend on whether buffer vegetation could retain accumulated P during extreme storm events.     

An unsteady three-dimensional eutrophication model in Tolo harbour, Hong Kong

The eutrophication phenomenon often leads to undesirable water quality. This paper delineates an unsteady three-dimensional finite difference numerical model for eutrophication dynamics in the coastal waters of Tolo harbour, Hong Kong, employing the numerically generated, boundary-fitted, orthogonal curvilinear grid system as well as a grid “block” technique. It models the transport and interaction of nine water quality constituents. Adjustments of values of some kinetic coefficients in the model are effected through calibration with field data. It is demonstrated that the model can reasonably reproduce the interactions amongst all the water quality constituents, the eutrophication processes and, in particular, the featured bottom water anoxic condition during the summer in Tolo harbour.     

Arcellacean (thecamoebian) evidence of land-use change and eutrophication in Frenchman’s Bay, Pickering, Ontario

Frenchmans Bay, on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, has been negatively impacted by eutrophication in the last 50 years through urbanization and the use of chemical fertilizers. Eutrophication began with wholesale land clearance and agricultural practises beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and reached a peak with urbanization after World War II. Eutrophication and the effects of land-use changes on the watershed were investigated by a combined analysis of the sediment magnetic properties and arcellacean (thecamoebian) microfauna. Micropaleontological analyses were conducted on two 2-m-long cores (FMB1 and FMB2) every 10 cm (42 samples) and magnetic susceptibility was measured at 2-cm intervals. Both cores showed a distinct correlative transition at 60 cm and 110 cm that was marked by a rapid increase in thecamoebian concentrations (from approx. 10×10³ to 30×10³ specimens per cc) and a large increase in Cucurbitella tricuspis (from approx. 10–20% to 40–70%). This transition correlated with a marked increase in magnetic susceptibility (150–200×10^–8 m³ Kg^–1) at the same depth, which was attributed to elevated levels of detrital magnetic minerals derived from land clearance and soil erosion in the watershed. It was indicated by ²¹⁰ Pb dates indicate that there was a gradual onset of eutrophication in the mid-nineteenth century (AD 1850±56) and a more rapid rise in the mid-1940s to late 1950s. The initial increase in eutrophication was due to land clearing, agricultural development and increased nutrient loadings. The major eutrophication increase in the 1950s was from urbanization and storm sewer discharge loaded with high yield chemical fertilizers from lawns and gardens. This high concentration of nutrients has led to an unprecedented level of eutrophication within the wetland.     

A Holocene Record of Human Induced and Natural Environmental Change from Lake Forsyth (Te Wairewa), New Zealand

A 1.2 m sediment core from Lake Forsyth, Canterbury, New Zealand, records the development of the catchment/lake system over the last 7000 years, and its response to anthropogenic disturbance following European settlement c. 1840 AD. Pollen was used to reconstruct catchment vegetation history, while foraminifera, chironomids, Trichoptera, and the abundance of Pediastrum simplex colonies were used to infer past environmental conditions within the lake. The basal 30 cm of core records the transition of the Lake Forsyth Basin from a tidal embayment to a brackish coastal lake. Timing of closure of the lake mouth could not be accurately determined, but it appears that Lake Forsyth had stabilised as a slightly brackish, oligo-mesotrophic shallow lake by about 500 years BP. Major deforestation occurred on Banks Peninsula between 1860 AD and 1890 AD. This deforestation is marked by the rapid decline in the main canopy trees (Prumnopitys taxifolia (matai) and Podocarpus totara/hallii (totara/mountain totara), an increase in charcoal, and the appearance of grasses. At around 1895 AD, pine appears in the record while a willow (Salix spp.) appears somewhat later. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of the pollen and aquatic species data revealed a significant relationship between regional vegetation and the abundance of aquatic taxa, with the percentage if disturbance pollen explaining most (14.8%) of the constrained variation in the aquatic species data. Principle components analysis (PCA) of aquatic species data revealed that the most significant period of rapid biological change in the lakes history corresponded to the main period of human disturbance in the catchment. Deforestation led to increased sediment and nutrient input into the lake which was accompanied by a major reduction in salinity. These changes are inferred from the appearance and proliferation of freshwater algae (Pediastrum simplex), an increase in abundance and diversity of chironomids, and the abundance of cases and remains from the larvae of the caddisfly, Oecetis unicolor. Eutrophication accompanied by increasing salinity of the lake is inferred from a significant peak and then decline of P. simplex, and a reduction in the abundance and diversity of aquatic invertebrates. The artificial opening of the lake to the Pacific Ocean, which began in the late 1800s, is the likely cause of the recent increase in salinity. An increase in salinity may have also encouraged blooms of the halotolerant and hepatotoxic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena.     

The role of shoreland development and commercial cranberry farming in a lake in Wisconsin,USA

Musky Bay in Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, USA, is currently eutrophic. This large, shallow bay of an oligotrophic lake possesses the densest aquatic plant growth and a floating algal mat. Paleoecological reconstructions encompassing the last 130 years, were based on multiproxy analyses of sediment cores from three coring sites, two within the bay and one in the lake itself. These data were compared to historical records of the construction and expansion of two commercial cranberry bogs and shoreline residential homes to identify temporal and causal relations of eutrophication. The proxies investigated included: minor and trace elements; biogenic silica; and the diatom community. Post-depositional diagenesis of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the upper 30 cm of the core obscured records of historical ambient nutrient concentrations in the bay obviating their usefulness for this purpose. In contrast, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentration profiles appeared to reflect runoff of soil amendments applied to the cranberry bogs and aerial fertilizer spraying over the eastern bog adjacent to Musky Bay. The increase in aluminum content since about 1930 coincided with the historical trend in shoreland development and construction of the original commercial cranberry farm. The biogenic silica profile recorded a steady increase of nutrients to Musky Bay over the last several decades. Stratigraphic changes in the diatom community indicated that nutrient input began to increase in the 1940s and accelerated in the mid-1990s with the onset of a noxious floating algal mat. The diatom community indicates the bay has possessed a significant macrophyte community for at least the last 200 years, but increased nutrient input was manifested by a change in the composition, and an increase in the density of the epiphytic diatom community. Cranberry farming appeared to be the major source of nutrients because the diatom community changes occurred prior to the significant increase in residential housing.