杭州湾海水密度研究

用磁力浮沉子密度测量装置,在１５ ～２５ ℃之间的三个温度下测定了杭州湾３０ 个水样的密度。结果表明,测定值皆高于相应条件下国际标准海水状态方程的计算值,在海水盐度范围５．５６～２６ ．４ ,密度平均偏差值为２８ ．２ ～１２０ ．５ ×１０－ ３ｋｇ／ｍ３ 。测定密度和计算密度的偏差随盐度的降低而增大,与盐度的变化成直线相关;与（Ｃａ２ ＋ ）／Ｓ和比碱度之间皆呈指数曲线相关。杭州湾海水枯水期和丰水期水样的（Ｃａ２ ＋ ）／Ｃｌ 比平均值分别超出大洋水平均值２８ ．８％ 和２０ ．６％ ;杭州湾海水枯水期和丰水期的比碱度平均值分别超出大洋水平均值６０ ．３ ％ 和３０２ ％ ;（Ｍｇ２ ＋ ）／Ｃｌ 比、枯水期水样ＳＯ２ －４ ／Ｃｌ 比及Ｓｒ２ ＋ ／Ｃｌ 比与大洋水平均值相同或相近,丰水期水样ＳＯ２ －４ ／Ｃｌ 高出大洋水平均值７ ．１ ％ ;结合主要离子在湾内平面分布图,得出杭州湾海水高的Ｃａ２ ＋ ／Ｃｌ 比、比碱度和ＳＯ２ －４ ／Ｃｌ 比,除了受江水输入影响以外,主要还是受湾北岸工业区废水排放的影响。并首次给出了杭州湾海水的密度公式。     

1980年国际标准海水状态方程应用于低盐海水的可能性

为了考察１９８０ 年国际标准海水状态方程在盐度小于０ ．５ 条件下的适用性,测定了０ ．０３９～２ ．０００ 盐度范围内的稀释大洋水的密度,并与状态方程的计算值作了比较。测定值与计算值之间的平均偏差为±０．６×１０－ ３ｋｇ／ｍ３ ,小于状态方程的标准偏差３．６ ×１０－ ３ｋｇ／ｍ３ 。结果认为１９８０ 年国际标准海水状态方程的低盐范围可以从现在的０．５ 继续扩展到０．０３９ 。     

An Alternative Approach to the Parameterization the Momentum Flux Over the Sea

In this study we search for the optimal wave parameters characterizing the effect of waves on the air–sea momentum flux. When an attempt using traditional statistics failed to give an unequivocal answer, we applied a neural network approach. This led to a clear choice for the optimal parameters viz. the wind speed at a level equal to the wave height and the wavelength at the peak of the spectrum. With this set we could find a dimensionally correct parameterization that gave a close fit to our stress data, obtained in the southern North Sea. A comparison with open ocean data gave comparable results, allowing a generally applicable formulation. Wave breaking could explain the remaining small differences between the two sets of stress data.     

贵州猫跳河流域土地利用变化和土壤侵蚀(英文)

Due to the extremely poor soil cover, a low soil-forming rate, and inappropriate intensive land use, soil erosion is a serious problem in Guizhou Province, which is located in the centre of the karst areas of Southwest China. In order to bring soil erosion under control and restore environment, the Chinese Government has initiated a serious of ecological rehabilitation projects such as the Grain-for-Green Programme and Natural Forest Protection Program and brought about tremendous influences on land-use change and soil erosion in Guizhou Province. This paper explored the relationship between land use and soil erosion in the Maotiao River watershed, a typical agricultural area with severe soil erosion in central Guizhou Province. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamic change of land-use type in Maotiao River watershed from 1973 to 2007 using Landsat MSS image in 1973, Landsat TM data in 1990 and 2007. Soil erosion change characteristics from 1973 to 2007, and soil loss among different land-use types were examined by integrating the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with a GIS environment. The results indicate that changes in land use within the watershed have significantly affected soil erosion. From 1973 to 1990, dry farmland and rocky desertified land significantly increased. In contrast, shrubby land, other forestland and grassland significantly decreased, which caused accelerated soil erosion in the study area. This trend was reversed from 1990 to 2007 with an increased area of land-use types for ecological use owing to the implementation of environmental protection programs. Soil erosion also significantly varied among land-use types. Erosion was most serious in dry farmland and the lightest in paddy field. Dry farmland with a gradient of 6°-25° was the major contributor to soil erosion, and conservation practices should be taken in these areas. The results of this study provide useful information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures in the area.     

多模式热动力耦合诊断系统与暴雨预报

应用包含热动力耦合强迫的新型散度演化方程,研发了该方程的诊断计算方案和相应的软件系统,以多个数值预报模式产品为资料源,计算得到关于强降水激发、维持的热动力耦合诊断场,形成了一个多时效的诊断场序列,它包含了正压非平衡强迫和热动力耦合强迫对散度演化的作用,反映了暴雨激发和持续的数值特征,为探索暴雨激发维持机理和寻求暴雨预报指标提供了数据支持。多模式诊断场的综合分析是集合预报方法的一种实践,有利于提高预报准确率。我们对2009年的两次暴雨个例进行了诊断分析,结果表明：T213、T639模式的诊断场能够较为准确的预报出暴雨的开始和结束,有明显的预报指示意义。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000149

The structural stability of manganese titanate MnTiO3 at high pressure was investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy with diamond anvil cells. Ilmenite-type MnTiO3 is stable at least to 26.6 GPa, and lithium niobate type MnTiO3 reversibly transforms at room temperature to perovskite at 2.0 GPa. Bulk moduli (K300) of ilmenite, lithium niobate and perovskite are 174(4) GPa, 179(8) GPa, and 208(5) GPa, respectively (at fixed first pressure derivative K′ = 4). The Grüneisen parameter γ has been estimated to be 1.28 for ilmenite and 1.75 for perovskite. In ilmenite phase, TiO6 octahedra become more regular with increasing pressure. In perovskite phase structural distortion increases with pressure increase.     

中子星的相对论平均场描述

从相对论平均场理沦出发,考虑核子、超子和介子的相互作用,研究了中子星的结构和性质以及超子耦合常数对中子星性质的影响.发现当密度较高时,中子星的核心区主要由超子组成,即中子星转变成以超子为主要成分的奇异中子星,并且这种转变受到超子相互作用的影响.当超子耦合常数与核子耦合常数的比值为0.65时,中子星转变为奇异中子星所对应的密度最小,此时计算的中子星的最大质量为1.4 M⊙,与天文观测结果较好符合.     

一种简便实用的湿空气性质计算方程

对几个经验的蒸气压力方程以及水汽化潜热方程等进行数理统计处理，给出了这几个经验方程的参数，运用这些经验方程建立了一种湿空气性质计算方程，方程计算结果最大相对误差不超过０．３５０％。关键词     

流体的角动量平衡方程—对流体力学方程组的新建议

本文提出了一个包括流体的角动量平衡方程的新的流体力学方程组。