Environmental commitments in different types of democracies: The role of liberal,social-liberal,and deliberative politics

Since a more substantial recognition of environmental degradation in the 1960s, the scholarly community has looked at democracy with mixed feelings. Some assert that democracy is devastating for the environmental performance, some claim the opposite, while others suggest that certain democratic models are more successful than others in paving the way for sustainability. Both political theorists and empirical scholars add fuel to this debate, and neither has settled the argument yet. In this paper we make use of recently collected data from the Varieties of Democracy project on different conceptions of democracy and address both these literatures. We empirically test whether different features of democracies, i.e., liberal in its thinner understanding, social-liberal, and deliberative, are more or less beneficial for environmental commitments. We investigate which of these features make democracies more prone to produce environmental policy outputs – adopt climate laws, deliver on them, develop stringent environmental policies, and incorporate sustainability into economic policies. We find that democracies with stronger deliberative features adopt more, but not necessarily stricter or more effective, environmental policies. Instead, democracies with stronger social-liberal features adopt both stricter and more effective policies.     

豫西地区下二叠统太原组遗迹组构及其沉积环境

豫西下二叠统太原组中发育丰富的遗迹化石,常见有Zoophycos,Taenidium,Thalassinoides,Teichichnus,Gordia,Nereites,Chondrites和Planolites等,部分灰岩层中还发育生物扰动构造。根据遗迹化石的形态、组成、产状、分布特征以及丰度、分异度、生物扰动程度的不同,在研究区太原组碳酸盐岩中共识别出5种遗迹组构,包括类型A--Gordia-Planolites遗迹组构、类型B--Rhizocorallium-Thalassinoides遗迹组构、类型C--Zoophycos-Taenidium遗迹组构、类型D--Zoophycos-Speckle burrow强生物扰动遗迹组构、类型E--Chondrites-Nereites遗迹组构。其中类型C根据Zoophycos在剖面上所展现的各种特征,又可细分为3种类型,即类型C-1,C-2和C-3。通过分析宿主岩的沉积特征,表明太原组碳酸盐岩中的遗迹组构主要分布于潟湖潮坪和台内浅滩(类型A)、正常天气浪基面之上的浅海上部或局限台地(类型B,类型C-1和类型C-2)、正常天气浪基面之下的开阔台地(类型C-3,类型D)和风暴浪基面之下的浅海下部或水动力条件类似的较闭塞的沉积环境中(类型E)。     

机房环境监控报警器的设计与实现

为保障各种设备的正常运行,及时发现和处理影响设备正常运行的故障和问题,应用单片机技术研制开发了机房环境监控报警器。实现了对设备机房中的电源、温度、烟雾和门窗等环境参量进行实时监控,当出现问题时可通过手机短信和声光等方式及时报警,从而有效地提高工作效率和机房的安全性。     

长江水氢、氧同位素组成的时空变化及其环境意义

在2003～2007年间,在长江干流的25个水文站及主要支流的13个水文站系统采样,进行了氢氧同位素研究。观测到的D变化范围为-30‰～-112‰,变化范围为-3.8‰～-15.4‰。从长江源头到河口,不同时期的样品均显示相同的氢氧同位素沿程变化特征。从源头到攀枝花,长江干流的D与逐步下降;而由攀枝花到入海口,D与值逐渐升高。 研究发现,控制长江水的氢氧同位素组成的主要因素是大气降水。长江干流D与值所展现的从攀枝花至河口逐渐升高的趋势就是对流域大气降水的D与变化趋势的响应。长江各支流在氢氧同位素组成上的差别及其对干流的影响也反映大气降水对长江水的制约。 蒸发作用对长江水的氢氧同位素组成也有重要影响。长江源头地处青藏高原,高原湖泊和沼泽星罗棋布。由于气候干燥、日照强烈,湖沼水经过长期的蒸发,盐度逐渐加大,D和18O值也逐渐升高。这些湖水的加入对长江水的氢氧同位素组成也造成一定影响。蒸发作用在枯水期也使洞庭湖与鄱阳湖的D和18O值升高,进而提高长江相关河段的D和18O值。 冰雪融化是影响长江水的氢氧同位素组成的另一重要因素。在长江源头和所有左岸支流的源头,冰川融雪都是重要的水源之一。由于冰川水在氢氧同位素组成上的特殊性,其对河水贡献的大小将影响河水的氢氧同位素组成。 三峡大坝对于长江的水动力体系影响巨大,三峡水库对长江水资源的调控作用有待长期观测研究。从本次的研究资料来看,三峡大坝在丰水期对相应河段的氢氧同位素变化趋势影响不大。但在枯水季节,三峡水库蓄水使下游的宜昌和沙市的水源发生明显变化,导致D和18O值的显著降低。 长江水资源状况及其演变趋势是受到各方面高度关注的重要研究课题。为深入探讨这一问题,需要了解长江水资源的变化与各种气象与水文要素之间的关系,查明大气降水、地下水、冰川水、湖水与河水之间的交互作用。而氢氧同位素示踪技术在这方面可以发挥关键性的作用。由于现有资料有限,目前还无法利用氢氧同位素组成来追溯其气候条件的详细演化过程。但若能在进行系统水文测量的同时,适当开展氢氧同位素测定,将对研究长江水资源状况及其演变趋势大有脾益。     

科岗蛇绿岩地质特征及构造环境分析

科岗蛇绿岩位于塔里木板块西南缘西昆仑中间地块与北侧西昆仑沟弧带分界线上。通过对科岗蛇绿岩带岩石组成、地质地球化学特征研究,肯定了新疆地质志对科岗蛇绿岩带“三位一体”蛇绿岩建造的认识,分别由下部变质橄榄岩相,中部堆晶岩相、浅色花岗岩相,上部块状辉长岩-辉绿岩相和火山岩及碎屑岩相组成。科岗蛇绿岩为造山带型,与洋中脊型蛇绿岩区别明显。其大地构造环境应为弧后盆地或破坏性大陆边缘小洋盆快速拉张环境产物。     

Spectroscopic Characterization of Compost at Different Maturity Stages

We studied the physicochemical and molecular changes of compost during its maturation within 60, 90, and 150 days after the composting process. Moreover, the changes were also studied in compost residues after sequential removal of lipidic compounds. Infrared DRIFT spectrometry and ¹³C‐CPMAS‐NMR spectroscopy indicate that the molecular composition of compost changes dramatically during the stabilization period. The most decomposable components, mainly represented by bioavailable lipidic and peptidic structures, were progressively mineralized passing from 60 days to longer periods of compost stabilization. At increasing maturity stages, the composition of organic matter underwent a progressive enrichment in stable hydrophobic and ligno‐cellulosic material. The sequential extraction of lipidic compounds allowed an improved characterization of substrates and confirmed the outlined progressive transformation of compost. Compost may well be chosen on the basis of selected characteristics for environmental applications.     

Natural environment suitability for human settlements in China based on GIS

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization,human environment has attracted great attention worldwide.This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index(HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology.The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general,HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient(r) between them reaches 0.93,which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution.Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability.The total suitable area is 430.47×104 km2,which accounts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China,while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%.With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer,the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China.The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million.The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.     

基于GIS的中国人居环境自然适宜性评价

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization, human environment has attracted great attention worldwide. This paper sets up the Human Settle-ments Environment Index (HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology. The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general, HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient (r) between them reaches 0.93, which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution. Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability. The total suitable area is 430.47×104> km2, which ac-counts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China, while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%. With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer, the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China. The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million. The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.     

三江并流区地貌与环境演化研究

滇西北三江并流区地理环境演化既受青藏高原隆升的影响,同时又具有自己形成演化的特点,还以纵向岭谷地貌、水系形成演化等影响本区及周边的生态环境.三江并流区经历了古新世中新世地表夷平准平原阶段,中新世末第四纪初的岭盆谷形成发展阶段(高原发育期),更新世晚期以来的现代水系峡谷、纵向岭谷和垂向气候形成等几个时期的发展,形成了现今西南纵向岭谷区的主要组成部分,导致了生态环境的通道阻隔效应,形成了独具特色的自然地理区域.     

广西沿海地壳运动趋势及对环境的影响

人类生存环境的变化是人类共同关心的环境问题之一,最直接影响环境变化的自然因素有气候变化、海平面和陆地的升降等,通过对有关广西沿海海平面和地壳运动资料的研究,初步分析了地壳运动对沿海地区产生的不良环境变化。