陕北地区左移强雹暴

本文采用了schmid，house，schiesser与fovell左移雹暴和右移雹暴的定义，对河套区左移强雹暴的天气形势和物理量场进行分析，得出左移雹暴和右移雹暴产生的有利天气尺度及中尺度主要特征。论述了左移和右移雹暴传播活动和雷达回波特征。     

3D modelling of near-surface, environmental effects on AEM data

This study considers the three-dimensional (3D) modelling of compact, at-surface conductive bodies on frequency domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey data. The context is the use of AEM data for environmental and land quality applications. The 3D structures encountered are typically conductive, of limited thickness (<20 m) and form ‘point’ source locations carrying potential environmental risk. The scale of such bodies may generate single-profile, ‘bulls-eye’ anomalies. In attempts to recover geological information, such anomalies may be considered to represent noise. In environmental AEM, the correct interpretation of such features is important. The study uses a combination of theoretical models and trial-fixed-wing survey data obtained in populated areas of the UK. Scale issues are discussed in terms of the volumetric footprints of the induced electric field generated by systems flown at both low and high elevation. One of the primary uses of AEM survey data lies in the assessment of conductivity maps. These are typically obtained using one-dimensional (1D) conductivity models at individual measurement points. In order to investigate the limitations of this approach, 3D modelling of conductive structures with dimensions less than 350×350 m and thicknesses extending to 20 m has been carried out. A 1D half space inversion of the data obtained at each frequency is then used to assess the behaviour of the spatial information. The results demonstrate that half space conductivity values obtained over compact 3D targets generally provide only apparent conductivity results. For thin, at-surface bodies, conductivity values are biased to lower values than the true conductivity except at high frequency. The spatial perturbation to both coupling ratios and 1D conductivity models can be laterally extensive. The results from 3D modelling indicate that the use of horizontal derivatives applied to the conductivity models offers enhanced edge detection. The practical application of such derivatives to both regional- and local-scale survey data is presented.. The special case of a near-surface, metallic pipeline has been modelled. The problem constitutes an inductive limit (current gathering) response in which the perturbation is largely confined to the in-phase coupling ratios. The main perturbations, in data and conductivity models, are within about 40 m of each side of the pipeline. The maximum perturbation to the conductivity model is only a factor of 1.5 above background. Detailed survey data across a former compact landfill (about 100×100 m) are used to compare the model behaviour predicted by the 3D modelling with survey results. The survey, conducted at two separate altitudes, provides a demonstration of 3D effects on 1D survey models as a function of frequency and elevation. Although the nature of the landfill materials and their location are not known precisely, the mapping information appears realistic.     

北京市区大气污染的时空特征

用1999年11月1日到2001年4月30日SO2、PMl0、NO2、CO和O3等5类污染物每日大气污染指数和等级资料,讨论了北京市区大气污染的时空分布特征.结果表明北京市区的污染物以可吸入颗粒物和二氧化硫为主,出现3级以上的概率分别为50%和30%,是相当严重的.北京污染物有明显的季节变化,SO2出现3级以上概率在冬半年(11月至翌年3月)为34%,夏半年(4～10月)几乎不出现,但可吸人颗粒物的季节变化没有其它4类污染物显著.从1997年以来北京市区的大气污染略有好转.     

地震空区及条带附近地震破裂特征的震例研究

选取邢台1981年Ms 5.8、菏泽1983年Ms 5.9和射阳1987年Ms 5.1三个震例，研究了孕震中后期中小地震的破裂特征。结果表明：震前区域内中小地震多倾向于单侧破裂；邢台、菏泽地区的中小震具有优势的破裂面走向，与主震破裂面一致或共轭；震前中小地震的环境应力值τ0略大于正常时期；射阳不存在优势破裂面走向；菏泽Ms 5.9 和射阳Ms 5.1孕震空区边缘上的地震都倾向于单侧破裂，并且主破裂方向都不指向空区内部。     

兰州地区环境污染对五泉山水化学动态影响的初步研究

基于对1972－1997年兰州五泉山水质变化情况的分析，研究了兰州地区环境污染尤其是大气污染对该泉点水质的影响。结果表明，环境因素对泉点的水化学动态可能造成很大的影响，在应用水地球化学观测资料进行地震预报时，应充分考虑环境污染问题。     

四川盆地城市群与地貌环境关系初探

本文分析了四川盆地城市群的特点、地域差异与地貌环境的关系,认为地貌环境是城市群地域差异的重要成因之一,四川盆地城市群的三个城镇组团反映了不同地貌环境的影响;进而探讨了地貌环境对城市群的布局和结构的不同作用,并提出了城市群今后的发展设想。     

Understanding the relationship between environmental change and migration: The development of an effects framework based on the case of northern Ethiopia

Empirical work on the relationship between environmental stress and human migration has blossomed over the last 10 years. While such work has provided important insights into this relationship, there has been, to date, limited effort expended on generating a generalisable framework for apprehending such interactions. This paper seeks to address this deficit. Based on semi-structured interviews in two sending and four receiving areas in northern Ethiopia, it explores dominant mobility narratives among populations whose livelihoods are exposed to a range of environmental stresses. Analysis of these narratives corroborates findings from other empirical studies on the subject, highlighting how the impact of environmental stress on human mobility can only be understood within the context in which it occurs. To this end the paper attempts to generate a typology of interactions between environmental and non-environmental factors shaping mobility. The typology is based on four effects: additive, enabling, vulnerability and barrier effects. It is thought to provide a generalisable conceptual language which is capable of describing the role of environmental stress in mobility decisions and thereby offering a systematic means for thinking through the processes by which environmental stress impacts upon mobility. While the framework is hypothesised to be suitably generalisable to account for other contexts and other environmental stresses, this still needs to be tested. In addition it is acknowledged that the framework suffers from some major limitations. Most notable is reliance on a conceptually false distinction between environmental and non-environmental factors, and the inability to account for the non-environmental features which shape perceptions of migration.     

一种地电场观测环境干扰的分析和试验研究

对2009年10月~2010年5月高邮地震台地电场观测中出现的一种不明原因的大幅度扰动干扰进行了分析讨论。经过初步分析、干扰源模拟定位、干扰源测试、干扰源现场调查等途径,确定了干扰源位置和干扰产生的原因,并对该干扰现象进行了排除处理。     

“第三极环境(TPE)”国际计划——应对区域未来环境生态重大挑战问题的国际计划①

以青藏高原为核心的世界第三极地区,是全球最独特的地质—地理—资源—生态耦合系统之一,对中国、北半球乃至全球环境变化具有重要的影响。同时,第三极地区对全球环境变化及周边人类活动的影响亦有敏感响应,同南极和北极一样受到科技界的高度重视。2009年,“第三极环境(Third Pole Environment,TPE)”国际计划正式启动。该计划以“水—冰—气—生—人类活动”之间的相互作用为主题,旨在解决第三极地区过去环境变化的时空特征、冰圈与水圈相互作用及其灾害过程、生态系统对环境变化的影响和响应、人类活动对该地区环境变化的影响及该地区环境变化的适应对策等科学问题,以揭示第三极地区环境变化过程与机制及其对全球环境变化的影响和响应规律,从而为提高这一地区人类对自然的适应能力和实现人与自然和谐相处服务。该计划自启动以来,以TPE科学委员会及TPE项目办公室为依托,,有效执行各种实施方案,已经在第三极冰川变化、季风与西风相互作用、台站建设、数据共享及人才培养等方面取得了很大的进展。今后,将进一步扩展研究领域和研究地区,与未来地球计划(Future Earth)相对接,为第三极地区生态环境改善和社会经济发展作出更大贡献。     

额济纳生态环境退化及成因分析

黑河下游的额济纳旗近20年来水文和生态环境严重退化,约有3/4的水井干涸,部分地区地下水位下降了2～3m,水质恶化,生物多样性减少,有的物种已经灭绝。仅从1987年到1991年间,沙漠化面积(植被覆盖率<10%)就增加了约5.6%,年递增1.63×102km2,绿洲严重退化,沙尘暴天气频繁。生态环境退化的原因是由于黑河水资源的不合理利用、人口的快速增长使土地超载及过度放牧。最后针对这些问题提出了一些相应的措施。