意大利撒丁岛中部Lasasai-Bonucoro地区的废弃露天滑石-绿泥石-长石采矿场的水资源及其修复模式

摘要在撒丁岛中部Orani地区，一些赋存在古生代变质岩和花岗岩中的滑石．绿泥石．长石矿体一直处于露天开采状态。采矿活动严重破坏了Lasasai-Bonucoro地区的原始景观。露天开矿形成了一些水坑，里面填满了来自含水层的沿断裂渗出水，因此对该地区的重整应被视作是对自然景观的全面修复工程。在本次工作的第一阶段，作者描述了环境和水文地质学特征，以及根据不同整治措施对不同地域进行了划分。随后的工作包括详细地解释不同的整治技术措施。为了使该地区复原，首要措施包括：1)对一些地形崎岖的地点进行平整改造和重新规划。也就是根据前期规划合适的地点，将矿石开采和堆存地中过多的废石搬走并回填到山谷中。2)修复被挪走的土壤植被，并且在完成污水处理之后，通过植被重植的方法(包括：移植土壤和养分、水流播种草本植物，阶段性机械洒水)对新形成的地表进行改造。3)并通过以上重植技术，修复恰当的斜坡以及总体缺乏植被的地表。以上措施会引起地表高度和地形的微小变化。可是这些措施足以形成一个新的环境条件，可进行新的开采。特定情况下，例如在有恒定的高品质水流，并且环境宜人的乡村，以上建议很容易实施。因而，Lasasai-Boalitynucoro地区的资源的可利用性至少包括以下互不相斥的两个方面：1)休闲胜地，2)矿泉水生产基地。通过以上方法，Lasasai-Bonucoro地区的环境修复将会产生新的经济、文化、娱乐和观光价值。     

“生态水层与生态水”概念及研究意义

“生态水层”与“生态水”概念是针对植被在水文循环中所起的重要作用而提出,是水文地质研究向生态环境研究的拓宽。它的研究将可能对水文循环的系统量化研究、降水分配量化研究以及环境保护研究产生重要影响。     

Trace element contents in the Domeniko lignite deposit, Elassona basin, Central Greece

Trace elements concentrations were determined in 38 lignite samples and their corresponding 850 °C ash from two boreholes of the Domeniko coal deposit (Upper Miocene) in Elassona basin, Central Greece. The methods used were instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that all studied elements occur in concentrations within the range of reported values for different coal bearing basins of Greece. The elements U, Th, Cs, Eu, Ce, La, Li, Mo, Y, Pb, and Hg are enriched in the ashes when compared to their average concentration on the Earth's crust.Yb, Y, Lu, Th, La, Sm, Eu, Ce, and V showed positive (r>0.75) to intermediate (0.65<r<0.75) correlation. The elements Mo and As showed intermediate correlation. The rest of the elements poorly correlate with each other.     

乌兰布和沙漠北部沉积物特征及环境意义

根据乌兰布和沙漠北部地区典型剖面记录,对各层沉积物进行了结构分析;在对沉积物性质、特点进行分析判断的基础上,初步揭示了各层沉积物的环境意义,并以此对乌兰布沙漠的形成、发展与环境变迁间的关系作了初步探讨。认为乌兰布和沙漠的形成演化主要受自然环境变化的影响,人为因素应是叠加其上的辅助因素。     

石油开发污染物毒性监测的实验生物筛选Ⅰ:钻井泥浆对水生动物的毒性比较

用静水式试验方法评价和比较了两种钻井泥浆的水可溶部份对斑节对虾仔虾、罗氏沼虾仔虾、虾虎鱼和剑尾鱼等4种水生动物的急性毒性。结果表明：泥浆水溶性成分对班节对虾仔虾、罗氏沼虾仔虾、虾虎鱼和剑尾鱼的半数致死浓度均明显大于10000mg／L（1％）,但斑节对虾仔虾对泥浆水可溶性成份的敏感性高于其余3种动物,适于钻井泥浆毒性试验。可以认为在试验条件下两种泥浆是无急性毒性的物质,但由于泥浆组成的复杂性,综合评价泥浆对水环境的影响时,需探讨其对底栖生物的影响。     

Environmental quality indicators: where to from here?

Environmental or land quality indicators are being developed internationally as a means whereby the ‘State of the Environment’ (SoE) can be assessed and trends monitored. In Australia, the use of indicators in SoE reporting is in its early stages of development. Indicators have been developed, in relation to agriculture, for flora and fauna, soil, chemical contamination, surface waters and groundwater. Internationally, the World Bank has listed ‘indicators of pressure’ on the land, ‘indicators of state and impact’, and ‘indicators of response’ for each of seven major issues of land degradation. Late in 1996, an ‘indicators of catchment health’ workshop in Australia identified a relatively small number of key indicators relating to farm productivity, soil health, water quality and ‘landscape integrity’, later adding social indicators, and also distinguishing between indicators at farm and catchment scales. A broad range of other indicators was also considered by various participants in the workshop, which concluded by supporting a nationally co‐ordinated effort and the establishment of a national steering committee. Although most indicators are static measures, those from which predictions can be made require a greater emphasis on the functioning of the system. This implies that indicators are only one aspect of system modelling, and that environmental or land assessment needs to progress further than the search for quality indicators. Since this involves both biophysical and human processes, geographers should be playing a central role.     

Geochemical and mineralogical properties of sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments in Finland

 The geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of bulk samples and various size fractions of sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments in the Petalax area, western Finland, were studied with ICP-AES (aqua regia digestion and "total" digestion) and X-ray diffraction. The sediments, which are dominated by particles <0.06 mm (clay and silt size), are composed of phyllosilicates (micas, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite), quartz, feldspars, amphiboles, organic matter, and secondary S minerals. The chemical analyses show that Na, Ca, and Sr are enriched in the silt and sand fractions, that Zr is enriched in the silt fraction, and that the concentrations of all other studied metals (Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Nb, Ni, Sc, Th, Ti, V, Y, and Zn) increase from the sand to the clay fraction. Sodium, Ca, and Sr occur largely in poorly dissolved feldspars, which explains the distribution of these metals in the sediments. The increase in the concentrations of most metals in the clay fraction is interpreted to be the result mainly of an increase in phyllosilicates in this size fraction. A geochemical comparison between the sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments and glacial till shows that the former are enriched in several potentially toxic metals. It is therefore argued that the hydrological and ecological problems associated with the sulfide-bearing sediments are related not only to the production of acidity in oxidized layers, but also to mobilization and dispersion of toxic metals. Strategies to minimize damage of freshwater systems in areas covered with sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments are suggested. Received: 20 February 1997 · Accepted: 25 August 1997     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北部全新世环境演变(Ⅱ)

全新世以来塔克拉玛干北部（以下简称塔干北）主要沉积物组成为亚粘质土、细砂夹杂着粉砂。分析该区域沉积物的分层结构和粒度组成、化学元素、孢粉、碳酸钙、矿物表明:区域气候以干燥为主,并存在着高温与冷凉的温度波动,且气候的这种变化与全球气候的变化紧密相关。塔干北气候变化受全球径向环流影响较大,纬向环流影响较小。     

生态环境地质学初探

针对当代地质学拓宽服务领域之要求,指出地质学、生物学、环境学交叉形成新的生长点——生态环境地质学。简述了生态环境地质学提出的科学依据、研究现状,提出了其存在问题和发展方向。     

论灾害和环境的交融与互馈

环境为人类生存发展提供了空间和所需要的资源,因此是重要的基础性生产要素。自本世纪５０年代以来,环境问题已成为世界关注的焦点,人类对环境的认识出现了两次飞跃性进展。大量事实表明,灾害与环境同是地球运动和人类社会经济活动的产物。环境是灾害活动的背景和基础,灾害是环境异常恶化的表现,二者相互作用,同步消长,形成密切的交融与互馈关系。在减灾行动中,只有把防灾抗灾和保护与治理环境有机地结合起来,才能取得充分的效果。