弯曲法测岩石抗拉强度

岩石抗拉强度非常重要,它是岩土工程、地质工程中设计、施工和检验的重要依据之一,但抗拉强度的测试方法多数都不可靠,应引起足够重视。该文专门针对弯曲试验法,分析了不可靠的原因。     

三维各向异性TI介质中的P/S波快速解耦技术及在弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

随着多分量采集技术的发展,弹性波逆时偏移技术在三维各向异性介质复杂地质构造成像中得到了广泛的应用.然而耦合的P波场和S波场,会在传播过程中产生串扰噪声,降低弹性波逆时偏移的成像精度.为了解决这一问题,本研究针对具有倾斜各向异性对称轴的三维横向各向同性（Transverse Isotropy,TI）介质,提出了一种矢量弹性波场快速解耦方法,可以有效提高偏移剖面的成像质量.该方法首先通过坐标转换,将观测系统坐标系的垂直轴旋转到TI介质的对称轴方向,在新坐标系下,根据具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性（Vertical Transverse Isotropy,VTI）介质中的分解算子,推导出三维TI介质解耦算子表达式.接着引入一种在空间域快速计算分解波场的方法,来实现空间域矢量P波场和S波场分离,极大地提高了计算效率.最后,通过点积成像条件,将提出的P/S波分解方法引入到三维TI介质弹性波逆时偏移中,得到高精度的PP和PS成像.与以往的波场分解方法相比,本文方法具有数值稳定和计算效率高的特点.数值算例表明,应用上述三维TI分解算子得到的偏移剖面有效压制了噪声,提高了成像质量.

     

Hamilton体系及弹性波在层状介质中的传播问题

利用结构力学与最优控制的模拟理论,研究弹性波在层状介质中传播的数值计算方法. 将弹性波传播问题导向哈密顿(Hamilton)体系,在哈密顿体系中,推导出一种新的半解析单元,称之为动力-部分杂交元,由此导出一套哈密顿体系下的半解析数值计算方法. 本文给出了该方法在层状正交各向异性材料介质的弹性波传播问题的数值算例,分析了一定频率的弹性波在层状介质中传播时的位移、应力的模式. 计算结果展现了Hamilton体系和辛几何在弹性波传播问题研究的应用前景.     

Composition, lattice parameters, and room temperature elastic constants of natural single crystal xenotime from Novo Horizonte

The composition, lattice parameters, and elastic constants of natural single crystal YPO₄ xenotime from Novo Horizonte (Brazil) were determined using EPMA, XRD, and the pulse-echo technique. The composition indicates a 24% substitution of Y sites with other rare-earth elements. The lattice parameters of the studied crystal deviated only slightly from those reported for synthetic YPO₄ and were in a good agreement with trends obeyed by other orthophosphates with the xenotime structure. The measured elastic constants C ₁₁, C ₃₃, C ₄₄, and C ₆₆ were consistent with synthetic crystals when porosity was accounted for. C ₁₂ and C ₁₃ constants were evaluated based on the comparison with other materials with xenotime structure. The elastic constants could be rationalized using interionic force constants and bond energies.

The effects of quartz recrystallization and reaction on weak phase interconnection,strain localization and evolution of microstructure

We conducted axial compression and general shear experiments, at T = 900 °C and P = 1.5 GPa, on samples of banded iron formation (BIF) and synthetic aggregates of quartz, hematite and magnetite to investigate how dynamic recrystallization of quartz promotes strain localization, and the role of weak second phases (oxides) on the rheology and microstructural evolution of the aggregates. Experiments showed strain localization into oxide rich layers, and that the oxide content and oxide distribution are key factors for the strength of the aggregate. Only 2–10 wt.% hematite leads to pronounced weakening and increasing hematite content above ∼10% has only a minor additional effect. Where oxide grains are dispersed, the initial strength contrast with quartz induces stress concentrations at their tips, promoting high stress recrystallization-accommodated dislocation creep of quartz. Fine recrystallized quartz reacts with oxide, forming trails of fine reaction product (ferrosilite/fayalite) leading to the interconnection/percolation of a weaker matrix. The strength contrast between the quartz framework and these fine-grained trails promotes strain localization into micro-shear zones, inducing drastic strain weakening. Thus dynamic recrystallization of quartz promotes syn-deformational reactions leading to a microstructurally-controlled evolution of phase strength contrast. It results in a rheologic transition from load-bearing framework to a matrix-controlled rheology, with transition from S–C′ to S–C fabric with increasing strain.     

基于循环加卸载的矿物定向排列致各向异性岩石损伤演化规律——以黑云母石英片岩为例

黑云母石英片岩是一种典型的各向异性岩石,为研究其损伤演化规律及各向异性表现特征,针对含0°,45°,90°3种片理角度的试样,开展了等塑性应变循环加卸载试验。结果表明：不同片理面角度试样的破坏模式有所不同,0°片理面试样中的张拉破裂现象与45°片理面中的剪切破坏现象尤为明显。随着塑性应变增加,黑云母石英片岩的弹性模量表现出先强化、后弱化的现象,这一现象在高围压下更为明显。在弱化阶段中,弹性模量演化的转折点与裂纹起裂强度σ_ci稳定时对应塑性应变一致。弹性模量作为岩石损伤劣化过程的评价指标较完整性系数受片理面角度的影响更小。在岩石内部能量演化过程中,耗散能大小与片理面角度的关系为0°>90°>45°,耗散能、弹性能下降的速率大小关系为45°>90°>0°,其降至稳定时与岩石损伤强度σ_cd稳定时对应塑性应变一致。该研究借助弹性模量和能量演化规律分析,探究了黑云母石英片岩的损伤演化力学行为。

     

南宁膨胀土非线性剪切应力松弛特性试验

利用四联装等应变直剪仪,对南宁非饱和重塑膨胀土进行一系列室内剪切应力松弛试验,探讨南宁非饱和重塑膨胀土的剪切应力松弛特性,得到诸多有益的结论。试验结果表明,不同初始条件下的剪切应力松弛曲线均属于不完全衰减型,剪切应力逐渐减少并趋于一个稳定值;膨胀土的松弛曲线都可以明显的分成3个阶段：瞬间松弛阶段、衰减松弛阶段、稳定松弛阶段。不同初始条件下不同时刻的剪切应力-应变等时关系曲线都是非线性的曲线,说明南宁膨胀土具有明显的非线性流变特性,是弹、黏、塑性体。膨胀土的含水率越高,或者竖向荷载越小,或者初始应变越大,或者时间越长,则膨胀土的流变特性及其非线性程度就越高。对试验结果的分析,通过改进剪切应力对数与时间对数的线性关系,建立南宁膨胀土在直剪条件下的非线性剪切应力松弛经验方程,能较好地拟合试验结果。非线性经验模型考虑了应变水平对应力松弛的影响,直观地反映出南宁膨胀土的非线性应力松弛特性,更加符合工程实际,可为膨胀土非线性应力松弛问题的计算分析提供理论依据。     

Co-seismic displacements associated to the Molise (Southern Italy) earthquake sequence of October–November 2002 inferred from GPS measurements

The 2002 earthquake sequence of October 31 and November 1 (main shocks Mw = 5.7) struck an area of the Molise region in Southern Italy. In this paper we analyzed the co-seismic deformation related to the Molise seismic sequence, inferred from GPS data collected before and after the earthquake, that ruptured a rather deep portion of crust releasing a moderate amount of seismic energy with no surface rupture. The GPS data have been reduced using two different processing strategies and softwares (Bernese and GIPSY) to have an increased control over the result accuracy, since the expected surface displacements induced by the Molise earthquake are in the order of the GPS reliability. The surface deformations obtained from the two approaches are statistically equivalent and show a displacement field consistent with the expected deformation mechanism and with no rupture at the surface. In order to relate this observation with the seismic source, an elastic modeling of fault dislocation rupture has been performed using seismological parameters as constraints to the model input and comparing calculated surface displacements with the observed ones. The sum of the seismic moments (8.9 × 10¹⁷ Nm) of the two main events have been used as a constraint for the size and amount of slip on the model fault while its geometry has been constrained using the focal mechanisms and aftershocks locations. Since the two main shocks exhibit the same fault parameters (strike of the plane, dip and co-seismic slip), we modelled a single square fault, size of 15 km × 15 km, assumed to accommodate the whole rupture of both events of the seismic sequence. A vertical E–W trending fault (strike = 266°) has been modeled, with a horizontal slip of 120 mm. Sensitivity tests have been performed to infer the slip distribution at depth. The comparison between GPS observations and displacement vectors predicted by the dislocation model is consistent with a source fault placed between 5 and 20 km of depth with a constant pure right-lateral strike-slip in agreement with fault slip distribution analyses using seismological information. The GPS strain field obtained doesn't require a geodetic moment release larger than the one inferred from the seismological information ruling out significant post-seismic deformation or geodetic deformation released at frequencies not detectable by seismic instruments. The Molise sequence has a critical seismotectonic significance because it occurred in an area where no historical seismicity or seismogenic faults are reported. The focal location of the sequence and the strike-slip kinematics of main shocks allow to distinguish it from the shallower and extensional seismicity of the southern Apennines being more likely related to the decoupling of the southern Adriatic block from the northern one.     

苏鲁-大别超高压变质岩的弹性力学性质与密度的关系

我们采集了31块来自中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔和预先导孔岩芯以及29块苏鲁-大别地区地表露头的典型超高压变质岩,在10～850 MPa的静水压力和室温下测量了60块标本的P波与S波速度,分别建立了纵横波速和围压之间的定量关系,并在此基础上计算了不同压力下各岩石标本的弹性参数即杨氏模量(E)、剪切模量(G)、体模量(K)和泊松比(v),着重探讨了超高压变质岩的弹性力学性质与密度之间的关系.这些最新成果将为超高压变质岩地区以及新老俯冲带地震波资料的解释提供关键的理论和实验基础.