弹性波场数值模拟的隐式差分多重网格算法

为了得到稳定的弹 性波数值模拟,而不得不选择隐式差分方程;为了提高解的精度,又不得不增加节点数目, 但同时也降低了隐式迭代求解的收敛速度. 为此,本文使用隐式差分的多重网格算法进行弹 性波数值模拟,多重网格算法通过粗网格收敛较快的迭代过程求出近似解,以近似解为初值 使用细网格进行精确的迭代求解,从而加速了隐式迭代求解的过程,能够以较高计算速度、 精度、稳定性完成弹性波传播过程的数值模拟.     

移动荷载作用下双层Euler梁模型土动力响应分析

本文以弹性波动理论为基础,利用分层法计算了双层连续支撑Euler梁下地基土的位移,同时考虑了不同的车辆荷载模型,并将计算的结果和单层Euler梁下地基土的位移进行了比较,比较表明：轨道结构本身和车辆悬挂体系具有一定的减振功能。因此,该研究对由交通荷载引起的环境振动分析和评价具有一定的应用价值。     

岩土流变数值计算中一些问题的探讨

针对黏弹性组合模型中的两类参数,即拉压模量和拉压黏性系数以及剪切模量和剪切黏性系数在数值反分析和正分析应用中存在的概念模糊,以及转换不合理等一些问题,首先分析了这两类参数概念上的差异,接着从理论上建立了拉压模量和拉压黏性系数（常体积模量假设下广义Kelvin模型）到剪切模量和剪切黏性系数之间的转换关系,并通过一个算例,从正分析和参数反演两个角度,对这些问题进行了探讨,给出了产生这些问题的内在原因。最后,提出了解决这些问题的可行性措施,并指出这一解决措施也同样适用于其它假设情况。     

改进的高精度拟谱微分方法及其在三维非均匀介质地震传播研究中的应用

改进了用于模拟地震波场的傅里叶拟谱微分方法,改进后的方法精度是常规拟谱方法的4倍,称为改进的傅里叶拟谱方法.在较高数值精度的一阶应力-速度弹性波动方程的基础上,采用该方法和常规拟谱方法对Marmousi模型进行数值求解,结果表明,该方法的数值频散效应明显比常规拟谱方法弱.将该方法与有限元方法在各向异性介质中进行模拟比较,发现该方法的精度接近有限元方法,数值频散效应比有限元方法明显减小,而且可在较大空间网格间距下进行计算,从而提高计算效率.在3-D非均匀介质中的地震波传播数值模拟结果表明,该方法是一种研究复杂非均匀介质中地震波传播问题的高效方法.     

Propagation of P and S-waves in magmas with different crystal contents: Insights into the crystallinity of magmatic reservoirs

Increasing amount of crystals tends to reduce the mobility of magmas and modifies its elastic characteristics (e.g. [Caricchi, L. et al., 2007. Non-Newtonian rheology of crystal-bearing magmas and implications for magma ascent dynamics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 264: 402–419.; Bagdassarov, N., Dingwell, D.B. and Webb, S.L., 1994. Viscoelasticity of crystal- and bubble-bearing rhyolite melts. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior, 83: 83–99.]). To quantify the effect of crystals on the elastic properties of magmas the propagation speed of shear and compressional waves have been measured at pressure and temperatures relevant for natural magmatic reservoirs. The measurements have been performed in aggregates at variable particle fractions (? = 0–0.7). The measurements were carried out at 200 MPa confining pressure and temperatures between 300 K and 1273 K (i.e. across the glass transition temperature (Tg) from glass to melt). The specimens were mixtures of a haplogranitic melt containing 5.25 wt.% H₂O and variable amounts of sub-spherical alumina particles. Additional experiments were carried out on a sample containing both, crystals and air bubbles. The temperature derivatives of the shear (dVs/dT) and compressional wave (dVp/dT) velocities for pure glass and samples with a crystal fraction of 0.5 are different below and above the glass transition temperature. For a crystal fraction 0.7, only dVp/dT changed above the Tg. In the presence of gas bubbles, Vp and Vs decrease constantly with increasing temperature. The bubble-bearing material yields a lower bulk modulus relative to its shear modulus. The propagation velocities of compressional and shear waves increase non-linearly with increasing crystal fraction with a prominent raise in the range 0.5 < ? < 0.7. The speed variations are only marginally related to the density increase due to the presence of crystals, but are dominantly related to the achievement of a continuous crystal framework. The experimental data set presented here can be utilized to estimate the relative proportions of crystals and melt present in a magmatic reservoir, which, in turn, is one of the fundamental parameters determining the mobility of magma and, consequently, exerting a prime control on the likelihood of an eruption from a sub-surficial magma reservoir.     

Reconciling strong slab pull and weak plate bending: The plate motion constraint on the strength of mantle slabs

Although subducting slabs undergo a bending deformation that resists tectonic plate motions, the magnitude of this resistance is not known because of poor constraints on slab strength. However, because slab bending slows the relatively rapid motions of oceanic plates, observed plate motions constrain the importance of bending. We estimated the slab pull force and the bending resistance globally for 207 subduction zone transects using new measurements of the bending curvature determined from slab seismicity. Predicting plate motions using a global mantle flow model, we constrain the viscosity of the bending slab to be at most ~ 300 times more viscous than the upper mantle; stronger slabs are intolerably slowed by the bending deformation. Weaker slabs, however, cannot transmit a pull force sufficient to explain rapid trenchward plate motions unless slabs stretch faster than seismically observed rates of ~ 10^− 15 s^− 1. The constrained bending viscosity (~ 2 × 10²³ Pa s) is larger than previous estimates that yielded similar or larger bending resistance (here ~ 25% of forces). This apparent discrepancy occurs because slabs bend more gently than previously thought, with an average radius of curvature of 390 km that permits subduction of strong slabs. This gentle bending may ultimately permit plate tectonics on Earth.     

Isostatic response of the Laccadive Ridge from admittance analysis of gravity and bathymetry data

The Laccadive Ridge (L-R), trending roughly parallel to the west coast of India, is an intriguing segment of the northernmost Chagos-Laccadive Ridge (C-L-R) system. Although crustal nature and isostatic response of the southern C-L-R is well known, there are no similar studies on the L-R. In the present study, the isostatic response of the lithosphere beneath the L-R is estimated so as to characterize its crustal nature, total crustal as well as effective elastic plate thickness and mode of compensation. Twelve gravity and bathymetry profiles across the ridge were analyzed using linear transfer function and forward model techniques. The observed admittance function within the diagnostic waveband of 250 < λ > 80 km (0.025 < k > 0.080 km⁻¹) fits well with (i) the Airy model whose average crustal thickness (T_c) and density are 17 ± 2 km and 2.7 × 10³ kg m⁻³, respectively, and (ii) the thin plate flexure model of isostasy with an effective elastic plate thickness (T_e) of 2–3 km. The estimated average crustal thickness and density are in good agreement with published seismic refraction results over the ridge. The results of the present study support an Airy model of isostasy for the L-R. The low T_e value, in view of other published results in the study area, suggests stretched and loaded continental lithosphere of the L-R during the evolution of the western continental margin of India.     

海冰动力学过程的数值模拟

讨论了海冰动力学性质并阐述决定海冰漂移的动量平衡,冰脊和水道形成及确定冰应力与形变、强度之间关系的海冰流变学.提出了模拟海冰动力学过程的数值模式,模式中冰厚分布由开阔水、平整冰和堆积冰3种要素表示.在这3要素的预报方程中引入形变函数,采用一种参数化方法模拟冰脊和水道.为了表示冰内相互作用,将海冰作为一种非线性粘性可压缩物质,采用粘-塑性本构关系.本文还概述和讨论了模式中所采用的数值方法,应用此模式模拟了渤海、波罗的海的波的尼亚湾和拉布拉多海的冰漂移.渤海冰漂移模拟结果明显地显示出潮周期变化,还模拟了渤海的冰脊和水道,进行了海冰流变学参数的敏感性试验.并将此冰模式与大气模式和边界层模式联接,给出渤海海冰预报结果.     

构造流变计

根据构造形迹和应变式反演岩石流变性质的方法称为构造流变计,或简称流变计。目前提出的流变计主要有应变折射、能干层褶皱香肠构造、残斑翼尾样式。应变折射、能干层褶皱和香肠构造流变计已进入量化阶段。构造流变计 可用于研究不同尺度地质体的流变结构,也可用来研究地质体的流变学演化,具有很好的发展前景。     

Effects of plate and slab viscosities on the geoid

The effects of plate rheology (strong plate interiors and weak plate margins) and stiff subducted lithosphere (slabs) on the geoid and plate motions, considered jointly, are examined with three-dimensional spherical models of mantle flow. Buoyancy forces are based on the internal distribution of subducted lithosphere estimated from the last 160 Ma of subduction history. While the ratio of the lower mantle/upper mantle viscosity has a strong effect on the long-wavelength geoid, as has been shown before, we find that plate rheology is also significant and that its inclusion yields a better geoid model while simultaneously reproducing basic features of observed plate motion. Slab viscosity can strongly affect the geoid, depending on whether a slab is coupled to the surface. In particular, deep, high-viscosity slabs beneath the northern Pacific that are disconnected from the surface as a result of subduction history produce significant long-wavelength geoid highs that differ from the observation. This suggests that slabs in the lower mantle may be not as stiff as predicted from a simple thermally activated rheology, if the slab model is accurate.