三维层状孔隙介质中弹性波的一种积分表达式I：理论

孔隙介质弹性波传播理论在地球物理勘探、地震工程和岩土动力学等领域有着广泛的应用.而孔隙介质中的弹性波受孔隙度、渗透率、流体黏滞系数等参数的影响,因此研究波场的传播特征将有助于分析和提取这些信息.本文在Biot理论的基础上,针对三维层状孔隙介质模型,利用在合成理论地震图的研究中已经被证实具有稳定、高效且适用范围较广的Luco-Apsel-Chen（LAC）广义反透射方法,给出了弹性波场的一种积分形式的半解析解,可通过数值方法高效、准确地计算层状孔隙介质中的理论波场,所以该积分形式的半解析解可为三维层状孔隙介质波场传播特征的理论数值模拟研究提供一种新的途径和手段.     

大陆岩石圈流变学研究的发展现状与前景

板块构造登陆导致大陆动力学的兴起,但大陆动力学迄今在理论上尚无长足发展,究其原因是大陆构造的复杂性,这一复杂性取决于大陆岩石圈复杂的流变学结构(纵向分层和横向不均一)。因此,大陆岩石圈流变学研究是大陆动力学的核心,并成为发展大陆动力学、完善板块构造理论的关键研究领域,同时对构造地质学学科发展具有推动作用,并在资源形成和地震机理方面具有实际意义。本文在阐述了岩石圈流变学的发展与现状的基础上,较详细分析了大陆流变学的核心内容:大陆岩石圈流变学结构特征,大陆物质的本构方程及大陆流变学特性对大陆变形与构造演化的影响。本文还总结了我国开展大陆流变学的基础和条件,对未来研究进行了展望:1)形成常态的多尺度-多手段-多学科-多部门的联合研究;2)缩小量子力学和岩石/矿物流变结构研究间的差距; 3)从全球尺度物质流动着手,构建以流变学为基础的大陆动力学模型。     

Modelling of rutting of two flexible pavements with the shakedown theory and the finite element method

This paper presents a finite element program, for the modelling of rutting of flexible pavements. In its present version, the program incorporates a permanent deformation model for unbound granular materials based on the concept of the shakedown theory developed by Zarka for metallic structures under cyclic loadings and has been used to estimate the permanent deformations of unbound granular materials (UGM) subjected to traffic loading. The calculation is performed in two steps: the first step consists in modelling the resilient behaviour of the pavement in 3D, using non-linear elastic models, to determine the stress field in the pavement. Then stress paths are derived and used to calculate the permanent deformations and the displacements, using a Drucker–Prager yield surface. An application to the prediction of the permanent deformations of experimental pavements with an unbound granular base, tested on the LCPC pavement testing facility is presented.     

利用损伤力学模型研究地震前兆现象

在地震等灾变破坏发生之前会出现一定的前兆现象,本文通过损伤力学模型,运用数值计算的方法对此进行了研究．从计算结果可以看到,在灾变破坏发生之前,由损伤所释放的能量(能量释放)和加卸载响应比值Y都发生了异常明显的变化,这表明二者具有相同的物理机制,在一定程度上都能够较为定量地刻画出系统的损伤演化过程．如果把二者相结合则可能对地震等灾变破坏做出更为准确的预测,本文结合实际震例对此也进行了一定的研究．     

Numerical study of nonlinear freak wave impact underneath a fixed horizontal deck in 2-D space

Freak waves are extreme and unexpected surface waves with huge wave heights that may lead to severe damage to ships and offshore structures. However, few researches have been conducted to investigate the impact underneath fixed horizontal decks caused by freak waves. To study these phenomena, a 2-D numerical wave tank is built in which nonlinear freak waves based on the Peregrine breather solution are generated. As a validation, a regular-wave-induced underneath impact is simulated and compared to the existing experimental measurements. Then the nonlinear freak-wave-induced impact is investigate with different values of deck clearance above the mean free surface. In addition, a comparative simulation of a “large” regular wave based on the 2nd-order Stokes wave theory with the same crest height and wave length of the nonlinear freak wave is carried out to reveal the unique features of the nonlinear freak-wave-induced impact. By applying a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) algorithm in which the bottom deck and front side wall are simplified as Euler beams in 2-D and discretized by the finite element method (FEM), the hydroelastic effects are considered during the impact event. The vertical force acting underneath the bottom deck, the transversal force acting on the front side wall, the structural displacements of the elastic deck and wall are analyzed and discussed respectively, from which meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

底部滑脱层流变性和厚度变化对褶皱冲断带影响的数值模拟

滑脱层是影响褶皱冲断带的第一因素。为了探讨底部滑脱层流变性和厚度变化对褶皱冲断带的影响,本文通过二维有限差分软件FLAC开展了数值模拟研究。常见的泥岩滑脱层具摩擦性质,此类冲断带采用弹塑性模型;而盐岩滑脱层具蠕变性质,此类冲断带则采用黏弹塑性模型。结果表明,底部滑脱层流变性以及厚度对冲断带的变形影响很大。当滑脱层为泥岩时,发育典型的叠瓦状构造样式,变形序列为背驮式向前扩展的有序序列。而当滑脱层为盐岩时,发育背、向斜相间排列的侏罗山式构造样式,并以无序序列演化。底部滑脱层厚度的变化,对泥岩滑脱层的冲断带而言,主要改变其表面坡角,对构造样式和演化序列影响不大;但对盐岩滑脱层的冲断带影响很大,不管滑脱层最厚的地方分布在后陆还是前陆,变形都会最强烈,地表凸起最高。从后陆向前陆加厚的盐岩滑脱层结合由后陆向前陆略为减薄的上覆地层可产生罕见的后冲、后展式演化序列。这些变形的差异主要是由于盐岩比泥岩具有小得多的剪切强度所致。     

On the stability of a non-convolutional perfectly matched layer for isotropic elastic media

The multi-axial perfectly matched layer (M-PML) is a material boundary condition for wave propagation problems in unbounded domains. It is obtained by extending the formulation of the split-field perfectly matched layer to a more general absorptive medium, for which damping profiles are specified along all dimensions of the problem. Under the hypothesis of small damping, it has been demonstrated that the stability of the system of partial differential equations of the M-PML can be related to the ratio of the damping profiles, and stable M-PML terminations for isotropic and orthotropic elastic media have been constructed. In the present work, we use the Routh–Horwitz determinants to demonstrate that the conclusions regarding the stability of M-PML for isotropic media for small damping are in fact valid for the more general case of damping coefficients of any (positive) value. The effectiveness of the M-PML is demonstrated by constructing stable terminations for the abovementioned media. The stability analysis is presented for 2-D in-plane (P-SV) wave propagation in elastic isotropic continua.     

粗粒筑坝材料的增量流变模型研究

针对全量型流变模型与加载应力路径无关,不能考虑施工或蓄水期在变应力作用下土石坝流变遗传特性的问题,基于继效理论,结合某工程堆石料的三轴流变试验资料,提出了适合于土石坝筑坝材料流变特性分析的7参数增量流变模型;利用试验各级增量荷载作用下的最终体积流变量与对应体积应力之间为近似线性关系,最终剪切流变量与对应的试验广义剪应力之间接近双曲线关系,整理得到其流变体积模量和剪切模量等模型参数;验证分析表明,建议的增量流变模型计算值与试验结果吻合较好,其可应用于实际土石坝的流变研究     

三峡地区上地壳结构的远震虚震源反射地震成像

远震虚震源反射成像方法利用远震初至波在台网之下地表与地下界面间形成的反射波(PPdp震相)波形资料进行台网地区地震反射结构研究.此方法先用台网各台站的平均初至波形求取震源信号,再用该震源信号与各道地震记录作反褶积从而取得反射剖面.本文介绍了远震虚震源反射成像的基本原理和实现步骤,并以三峡地区的观测资料为例,得到三峡库首区上地壳的反射地震剖面.成像剖面中解释出的四川盆地和秭归盆地的底界面位置和形态与地表地质观测和大地构造背景吻合.为验证虚震源成像的能力,本文使用弹性波正演模拟合成地震数据,经过处理实际资料一样的步骤获得虚震源成像结果.正演模拟表明,叠加多个远震的反射地震剖面可以有效地改善成像的信噪比和连续性;虚震源成像需要选择特定的震源频率范围,以减轻高频噪音以及低频造成的成像问题.在研究上地壳结构时,建议在不适合主动源采集和缺乏低频信号的地区尝试远震虚震源方法.     

用于弹性波方程数值模拟的有限差分系数确定方法

有限差分方法是波场数值模拟的一个重要方法,交错网格差分格式比规则网格差分格式稳定性更好,但方法本身都存在因网格化而形成的数值频散效应,这会降低波场模拟的精度与分辨率.为了缓解有限差分算子的数值频散效应,精确求解空间偏导数,本文把求解波动方程的线性化方法推广到用于求解弹性波方程交错网格有限差分系数;同时应用最大最小准则作为模拟退火(SA)优化算法求解差分系数的数值频散误差判定标准来求解有限差分系数.通过上述两种方法,分别利用均匀各向同性介质和复杂构造模型进行了数值正演模拟和数值频散分析,并与传统泰勒展开算法、最小二乘算法进行比较,验证了线性化方法和模拟退火方法都能有效压制数值频散,并比较了各个算法的特点.