基于弹性参数加权统计的地震岩相预测方法

岩相信息能够反映储层岩性及流体特征,在地震储层预测中具有重要作用.常规方法主要利用与岩相信息关系密切的弹性参数定性或定量地转化为岩相信息.在实际应用中,弹性参数的获取主要基于叠前地震反演技术.而不同弹性参数的叠前地震反演精度间存在着差异,势必影响岩相的整体预测精度.本文提出对弹性参数进行加权统计来预测岩相.首先,基于贝叶斯理论,引入权重系数来调节弹性参数信息的采用量,构建出最终的目标反演函数;其次,考虑到勘探初期缺少明确的测井岩相信息,提出利用高斯混合分布函数来自动估算岩相先验概率;最后,根据输入弹性参数的取值,计算每类岩相对应的后验概率密度,将目标反演函数取最大后验概率密度时对应的岩相类别作为最终预测的岩相.新方法旨在减少弹性参数精度间的精度差异对岩相预测结果的影响,以期提高地震岩相的预测精度.模型与实际资料测试均表明该方法可行、有效且预测精度较高.     

震后GPS观测数据揭示的日本M_W9.0地震周边地区地幔黏滞性结构垂向变化

本文利用大范围的震后GPS数据和黏弹性球形地球位错理论,定量研究了日本M_W9.0地震周边地区地幔黏滞性结构的垂向变化.首先结合陆地和海底的GPS观测数据,以及基于球形地球位错理论格林函数和贝叶斯反演方法,反演了该地震的同震滑动分布,发现其最大错动量高达59m.然后在均一地幔黏滞性结构的假设前提下,确定了震源周边地区地幔黏滞因子的最优解,发现依据该地幔黏滞因子获得的理论远场震后位移和GPS观测结果之间的均方根误差高达0.81cm,不能解释远场观测结果.为解决上述问题,本文对震中周边地区地幔黏滞性结构沿垂向方向进行分层,建立了一个随深度变化的地幔黏滞性构造模型,然后综合利用远近场的GPS数据对该地区地幔黏滞因子进行反演研究,结果表明,震源周边地区岩石圈弹性层厚度最优解为40km,40～220km深度的地幔黏滞因子最优解为6×10~(18)Pa·s,220～670km深度之间的地幔黏滞因子最优解为1.5×10~(19)Pa·s.上述地幔黏滞性构造使远场的均方根误差降为0.12cm,仅为利用均一地幔黏滞性构造所得均方根误差值的15%,大大提高了远场模拟结果的准确性.最后,观测值和模拟值之间的均方根误差分析表明,近场震后形变数据主要约束浅层的地幔黏滞性结构,而远场震后形变数据主要约束深部的地幔黏滞性结构.     

Effective medium theory and multiple linear regression-based velocity estimation in syn-rift clastic sequence of the Krishna–Godavari basin,India

An inclusion model, based on the Kuster–Toksöz effective medium theory along with Gassmann theory, is tested to forward model velocities for fluid-saturated rocks. A simulated annealing algorithm, along with the inclusion model, effectively inverts measured compressional velocity (V_P) to achieve an effective pore aspect ratio at each depth in a depth variant manner, continuously along with depth. Early Cretaceous syn-rift clastic sediments at two different depth intervals from two wells [well A (2160–2274 m) and well B (5222–5303 m)], in the Krishna–Godavari basin, India, are used for this study. Shear velocity (V_S) estimated using modelled pore aspect ratio offers a high correlation coefficient (>0.95 for both the wells) with measured data. The modelled pore aspect ratio distribution suggests the decrease in pore aspect ratio for the deeper interval, mainly due to increased effective vertical stress. The pore aspect ratio analysis in relation to total porosity and volume of clay reveals that the clay volume has insignificant influence in shaping the pore geometry in the studied intervals. An approach based on multiple linear regression method effectively predicts velocity as a linear function of total porosity, the volume of clay and the modelled pore-space aspect ratio of the rock. We achieved a significant match between measured and predicted velocities. The correlation coefficients between measured and modelled velocities are considerably high (approximately 0.85 and 0.8, for V_P and V_S, respectively). This process indicates the possible influence of pore geometry along with total porosity and volume of clay on velocity.     

Experimental study on frequency-dependent elastic properties of weakly consolidated marine sandstone: effects of partial saturation

Investigating seismic dispersion and attenuation characteristics of loosely compacted marine sandstone is essential in reconciling different geophysical measurements (surface seismic, well logging and ultrasonic) for better characterization of a shallow marine sandstone reservoir. We have experimented with a typical high-porosity and high-permeability sandstone sample, extracted from the Paleogene marine depositional setting in the Gulf of Mexico, at the low-frequency band (2–500 Hz) as well as ultrasonic point (10⁶ Hz), to investigate the effects of varying saturation levels on a rock's elasticity. The results suggest that the Young's modulus of the measured sample with adsorbed moisture at laboratory conditions (room temperature, 60%–90% humidity) exhibits dispersive behaviours. The extensional attenuation can be as high as 0.038, and the peak frequency occurs around 60 Hz. The extensional attenuation due to moisture adsorption can be dramatically mitigated with the increase of confining pressure. For partial saturation status, extensional attenuation increases as increasing water saturation by 79% with respect to the measured frequencies. Additionally, the results show that extensional attenuation at the fully water-saturated situation is even smaller than that at adsorbed moisture conditions. The Gassmann–Wood model can overall capture the P-wave velocity-saturation trend of measured data at seismic frequencies, demonstrating that the partially saturated unconsolidated sandstone at the measured seismic frequency range is prone to be in the relaxed status. Nevertheless, the ultrasonic velocities are significantly higher than the Gassmann–Wood predictions, suggesting that the rocks are in the unrelaxed status at the ultrasonic frequency range. The poroelastic modelling results based on the patchy saturation model also indicate that the characteristic frequency of the partially saturated sample is likely beyond the measured seismic frequency range.     

基于能量密度的自解耦互相关成像条件

基于能量密度构建的弹性波能量成像条件,可以准确提取弹性波场的能量信息,并可以有效压制背向散射.但是该成像条件得到的成像结果将所有弹性波场能量信息耦合在一起,难以区分纯波模式的能量信息.为此,我们从势能及动能两方面将能量场解耦,得到纯纵波（PP）、纯横波（SS）、转换波（C）能量场.根据能量守恒定律,基于Helmholtz原理对位移场的空间导数进行因式分解,将弹性势能自解耦得到纯纵波、纯横波及转换波势能;引入体应力构建得到P波及S波速度,将弹性动能分解为纯纵波、纯横波和转换波动能.从而,构建基于能量密度自解耦得到纯波能量互相关成像条件.数值实验表明自解耦成像条件可实现弹性波场能量的分解,并得到背向散射压制、振幅有效保持的PP波、SS波和C波成像结果.     

地下固体介质弹性模量反演

地下固体介质弹性模量是固体地球定量表征的重要参数,是探测地球内部结构、地下流体分布、设计合理工程方案的关键之一.本文首先简要分析常用的流体饱和孔隙介质岩石物理模型,在此基础上通过数值计算,详细讨论了流体饱和多孔介质等效弹性模量对固体基质、孔隙度、孔隙结构和孔隙流体的敏感性,探讨了利用等效介质弹性模量反演固体基质弹性模量的可行性,建立了固体基质弹性模量的非线性方程系统,提出了该方程系统的数值迭代求解方法,并通过对三类岩石样本实验室测量数据的反演和结果分析,验证了方法的有效性.文中同时通过不同条件下对实验数据的反演,探讨了孔隙结构、孔隙流体和等效介质弹性模量对反演效果的影响,为方法的合理有效应用提供依据.     

二维TI介质非结构网格弹性波矢量逆时偏移

波场延拓得到的多分量波场中既包含纵波信息也包含横波信息,能否在全波场中实现纵横波的分离对各向同性和各向异性逆时偏移都有非常重要的意义.传统的散度旋度分离只适应于各向同性介质而对各向异性介质却无效.在非规则、非结构网格的弹性波数值模拟方法的基础上,发展了一种适应于各向异性介质的波场分离方法.该方法通过求解Christoffel方程,得到相角和极化角的关系,再利用群角和相角的关系,直接得到群角和极化角的关系.该方法与现存的各向异性波场分离相比,获得的计算效率改进更显著,而且存储量小.用简单各向异性模型和SEG各向异性Hess模型进行测试,都得到了较好的效果,证明了本文方法的有效性.     

非均匀正交各向异性特征参数地震散射反演方法研究

在长波长假设条件下,水平层状地层中发育一组垂直排列的裂缝构成了等效正交各向异性介质.各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数的估算有助于非均匀各向异性介质的各向异性特征描述,而弹性逆散射理论是非均匀介质参数反演的有效途径.基于地震散射理论,我们首先推导了非均匀正交介质中纵波散射系数方程,并通过引入正交各向异性特征参数,提出了一种新颖的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗参数化方法.为了提高反演的稳定性与横向连续性,我们发展了贝叶斯框架下的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗反演方法,同时考虑了柯西稀疏约束正则化和平滑模型约束正则化,最终使用非线性的迭代重加权最小二乘策略实现了各向异性特征参数的稳定估算.模型和实际资料处理表明,反演结果与测井解释数据相吻合,证明了该方法能够稳定可靠地从方位叠前地震资料中获取各向异性特征参数,减小参数估算的不确定性,为非均匀正交介质的各向异性预测提供了一种高可靠性的地震反演方法.     

土剪切流变试验仪改进设计

土流变测定仪由土剪切试验仪改制而成,主要由剪切仪机架、剪切盒、垂直荷载杠杆加压系统、水平剪力施加系统等部件组成。水平剪力施加系统采用重力加压,两级变矩传动,传动系中配置了滚动轴承,安装了测力计,保证了试验数据的准确性。该土流变测定仪重量轻,体积小,结构紧凑,操作简便,具有剪切试验和流变试验两用功能。     

物理模拟材料流变性质研究现状

模拟材料的选用以及其相关参数的测定是物理模拟实验的基础.当前采用的延性材料能通常有粘泥、石蜡、松香、塑化松香、塑胶粘土等,国内使用的流变仪主要为毛细管流变仪、旋转流变仪、落球式流变仪,国外对三轴流变仪的研制、应用已见成效.今后应加强新型模拟材料的研制、开发,同时积极研制、引进合适的流变仪.