基于同相轴追踪的多次波衰减

提出一种基于同相轴追踪的多次波压制方法,其首先通过追踪与切除一次波叠加能量界定多次波的叠加速度范围,然后根据CMP域同相轴追踪技术获得多次波同相轴,再在多次波同相轴所属的短时窗内进行FK滤波压制处理.实验结果表明:该方法可追踪出与一次波叠加速度较为接近的多次波同相轴,能明显衰减近偏移距道的多次波,而仅在多次波同相轴所属的短时窗内进行的压制处理,可在一定程度上降低损伤一次波信号的可能性.     

WRF模式不同陆面方案对一次暴雨事件模拟的影响

本文利用中尺度模式Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) 3.1版本及National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)分析资料,就2003年6月下旬我国江淮及南方地区的强降水事件, 以24 h短期天气模拟的方式,研究了模式中四个不同陆面方案对降水模拟的影响.结果表明,此次暴雨事件模拟对不同陆面方案是比较敏感的,模拟区域内雨量级别越高,不同方案的TS评分差异就越大,较大范围雨量可存在30%的差异,四种方案的暴雨中心值可存在100%～150%的较大差别;不同陆面方案还导致了模拟平均感热通量及潜热通量的系统性差异,这些差异的分布具有地域特点;陆面方案通过两种机理对模拟降水产生重要影响,即主要影响地表蒸发量,以及主要影响低层环流及水汽辐合,从而分别影响模拟的较大范围降水(如,平均约7%、最大约30%的较大范围雨量差异)及包含模拟降水中心的较小范围暴雨(如,方案间暴雨中心雨量可存在100%～150%的较大差别).可见,不同陆面过程可从不同空间尺度、不同程度上影响暴雨天气,改进陆面方案可以提高WRF模式对暴雨的模拟能力.     

一个创新研究——大气数值模式变量的物理分解及其在极端事件预报中的应用

大气温度、湿度、位势高度和风等数值模式变量可以物理分解为纬圈-时间平均的对称部分和时间平均的非对称部分,以及行星尺度瞬变扰动和天气尺度瞬变扰动等四个部分.区域持续性干旱、暴雨、热浪、低温和雨雪冰冻等极端天气事件与前期及同期数值模式中的行星尺度和天气尺度大气扰动系统之间呈现出密切的关系.瞬变扰动天气图可成为预报极端天气事件的新工具.本文在归纳本期9篇原创性文章的基础上,探讨大气变量物理分解后需要进一步研究的理论问题和应用前景.     

陆地沉积物对大洋缺氧事件的响应：六盘山群黑色页岩地球化学特征及其意义

通过对六盘山群中上部湖相沉积中一层黑色页岩年代（113.45~112.98 Ma）及其下部泥灰岩的元素地球化学特征研究发现,黑色页岩形成于干热而相对湿润气候背景下的缺氧还原环境中,与典型缺氧事件黑色页岩的地球化学特征基本一致,说明该黑色页岩记录了六盘山地区对全球白垩纪大洋缺氧事件OAE1b (约113～111 Ma)的响应,可能指示该期大洋缺氧事件是一次全球性的气候变化事件。     

吉兰泰盐湖的形成及指示的环境意义

选择位于季风边缘区的吉兰泰盐湖为研究对象,利用OSL和14C测年手段重建湖面波动历史,探讨盐湖形成年代与环境变化过程。通过大范围的野外调查发现,在该湖泊南部地区发育高于现代干盐滩9 m的湖滨砂沉积,上覆风成砂沉积,其中湖滨沉积物的OSL年代为6.7 ka BP前后,表明当时该湖泊处于浅水状态,此后湖水经历了快速的下降过程。对于盐湖中心剖面点盐层之下粘土层的14C测年显示,在5 500 aBP以来,集聚大量的石膏、芒硝和石盐等蒸发盐类,该湖泊进入成盐期。通过区域对比发现,吉兰泰湖面快速下降阶段与季风边缘区中全新世干旱事件发生时间相对应。研究认为,吉兰泰盐类矿物的开始沉积,反映了中全新世阿拉善高原区域环境的突然变化,可能指示着5.5 Cal ka BP前后干旱事件的发生。     

Rock varnish microlamination dating of late Quaternary geomorphic features in the drylands of western USA

Varnish microlamination (VML) dating is a correlative age determination technique that can be used to date and correlate various geomorphic features in deserts. In this study, we establish a generalized late Quaternary (i.e., 0–300 ka) varnish layering sequence for the drylands of western USA and tentatively correlate it with the SPECMAP oxygen isotope record. We then use this climatically correlated varnish layering sequence as a correlative dating tool to determine surface exposure ages for late Quaternary geomorphic features in the study region. VML dating of alluvial fan deposits in Death Valley of eastern California indicates that, during the mid to late Pleistocene, 5–15 ky long aggradation events occurred during either wet or dry climatic periods and that major climate shifts between glacial and interglacial conditions may be the pacemaker for alteration of major episodes of fan aggradation. During the Holocene interglacial time, however, 0.5–1 ky long brief episodes of fan deposition may be linked to short periods of relatively wet climate. VML dating of alluvial desert pavements in Death Valley and the Mojave Desert reveals that pavements can be developed rapidly (< 10 ky) during the Holocene (and probably late Pleistocene) in the arid lowlands (< 800 m msl) of these regions; but once formed, they may survive for 74–85 ky or even longer without being significantly disturbed by geomorphic processes operative at the pavement surface. Data from this study also support the currently accepted, “being born at the surface” model of desert pavement formation. VML dating of colluvial boulder deposits on the west slope of Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada, yields a minimum age of 46 ka for the emplacement of these deposits on the slope, suggesting that they were probably formed during the early phase of the last glaciation or before. These results, combined with those from our previous studies, demonstrate that VML dating has great potential to yield numerical age estimates for various late Quaternary geomorphic features in the western USA drylands.     

江苏宜兴骆驼墩遗址地层7500～5400BC的海侵事件记录

在考古发掘基础上,野外共采集样品217个,对遗址地层剖面中63个样品进行了有孔虫、植物碎屑及种子化石等的鉴定分析,对4个地层相关样品进行了14C测年及相关分析。在第10层的泥炭层中发现底栖有孔虫2种1属,即压扁卷转虫（Ammonia compressiuscula）和近亲卷转虫相似种（Ammonia cff.sobrina）,表明全新世以来骆驼墩遗址及其附近区域在马家浜文化出现之前的7500-5400BC之间曾经历过海侵事件;共发现植物化石9种450颗,鉴定结果共统计出4（科）属,即Polygonum sp.（蓼属未定种）、Scirpus sp.（藨草属未定种）、Najas sp.（茨藻属未定种）、Physalis sp.（酸浆属未定种）,多属湖泊、沼泽等水生环境。     

2018年和2008年1～2月影响我国的持续低温事件及其对比分析

2018年1月中下旬至2月初我国发生了一次大范围的持续低温异常事件,给国民经济和人们生活带来了很大的不利影响。这次持续低温事件与众所周知的2008年1月发生在我国南方的持续雨雪冰冻事件（简称“0801”事件）有一个共同点,二者都是发生在La Ni?a和前秋北极海冰显著减少的背景之下。对比这两次事件发生的大气环流和热力背景,对认识冬季持续极寒事件的形成有重要意义。本文利用NCEP/NCAR大气环流再分析资料和NOAA卫星观测OLR资料,对这两次过程进行了比较。结果显示,与“0801”事件相比,2018年1月中下旬的低温事件表现出以下明显不同的特征:（1）过程持续短,冷空气路径偏东;（2）乌拉尔阻塞和东亚大槽并存,呈“西高东低”型,不同于“0801”高纬阻塞和低纬南支槽并存的“北高南低”型;（3）异常的环流型与自大西洋经乌拉尔山至东亚传播的波列有关,西伯利亚高压持续时间短;（4）热带对流活跃在海洋性大陆和西太平洋,不同于“0801”主要在印度洋。后者对该年南支槽和西太平洋副热带高压增强有显著贡献。最后,2018年过程期间水汽输送也不如“0801”强,导致降水弱。     

论辽西四合屯地区早白垩世构造-火山活动及生物事件

四合屯地区位于一个中生代火山一沉积盆地之中。该区早白垩世的主要构造行迹为NE向和NW向的断裂构造;这些断裂构造控制着火山一沉积盆地的边界和一些火山机构的分布。野外填图表明,该盆地内的早白垩世地层仅出露有义县组。义县组可进一步划分为3个段：第1段为含有沉凝灰岩夹层的基性、中基性火山岩;第2段是含有凝灰岩夹层和枕状熔岩的陆相沉积岩;第3段主要为玄武岩类。热河生物群(其中包括腹足类、双壳类、叶肢介、介形类、昆虫、鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、鸟类、哺乳类以及植物)化石主要产于义县组一段沉凝灰岩和二段的湖相泥质页岩中。化石发掘和微量元素分析表明,热河生物群经历了集群死亡和快速掩埋,火山活动的有毒气体是生物灾难事件的主要因素。根据同位素测年,义县组的时代为早白垩世。在此基础上,本文讨论了四合屯地区早白垩世构造一火山活动与生物事件的演化阶段：A阶段为盆地雏形的产生和早期的热河生物群;B阶段为第一次火山活动和生物灾难事件;C阶段为火山活动间歇期和热河生物群的繁衍;D阶段为火山喷汽与热河生物群的灾难事件;E阶段为火山灰沉降;F阶段为结束期。     

Sea Level Changes Along Bangladesh Coast in Relation to the Southern Oscillation Phenomenon

Interannual variations of sea level along the Bangladesh coast are quite pronounced and often dominate the long-term sea level trends that are taking place. The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) induced variation is an important component of interannual mode of variations. The present article deals with the relationship between the sea level variations along the Bangladesh coast and the Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The mean tide level data of monsoon season (June to September) pertaining to Hiron Point (in Sundarbans) and Char Changa (on the mouth of Meghna River) have been analyzed and correlated to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The annual variation of mean tide level in the coastal areas of Bangladesh reveals that the tide level reaches its peak during the monsoon season. The maximum tide level during the calendar year is recorded in August. Thus, it is not surprising that the inundation of the coastal belt of Bangladesh due to the floods is most common during the summer monsoon season, especially from July to September. Therefore, the sea level variations during the monsoon are of paramount importance to Bangladesh. The results of the present study show that both at Hiron Point and Char Changa there is a substantial difference between the mean tide level during the El Niño and La Niña monsoons. The mean tide level at Hiron Point is higher by about 5 cm during August of La Niña years as compared to that during the El Niño years. The difference at Char Changa, which is located at the mouth of Meghna River, is much higher. This is probably due to the increased fresh water discharge into the Meghna River during La Niña years. Thus at the time of crossing of a monsoon depression, the chances of widespread inundation are higher during a La Nin~a year as compared to that during an El Niño year. The Correlation Coefficients (CCs) between Mean Tide Levels (MTLs) at Hiron Point and Char Changa and the SOI during September (at the end of monsoon) are +0.33 and +0.39 respectively. These CCs are statistically significant at 90% and 95% levels, respectively. These results may find applications in the preparedness programs for combating sea level associated disasters in Bangladesh.