非饱和土中水平入渗方程显式求解

在求解非饱和态土中水分入渗问题时,水力函数是体积含水率或者吸力的函数,致使其控制方程呈现出强非线性的特征,进而使得其求解变得十分困难。基于水分在土体介质中流动耗时取极值路径的选择这一假定,引入时间泛函,基于变分法原理将水平入渗问题转化为泛函极值问题。通过求解Euler–Lagrange方程,结合边界条件,得到非线性瞬态水平入渗问题的显式解析解。结合Brooks-Corey型水力函数,显式地求解出该类型非饱和态土的体积含水率发展分布规律。通过计算4种不同类型土体的水平入渗规律,将求解结果与已有结果以及数值结果进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:体积含水率分布与位置距离和湿润峰距离比值呈幂函数关系,指数取决于土-水特征曲线的形状参数;初始条件与边界条件会对体积含水率分布造成不同程度的影响。     

Numerical study of the 3D failure envelope of a single pile in sand

The paper presents a comprehensive study of the failure envelope (or capacity diagram) of a single elastic pile in sand. The behavior of a pile subjected to different load combinations is simulated using a large number of finite element numerical calculations. The sand is modeled using a constitutive law based on hypoplasticity. In order to find the failure envelope in the three-dimensional space (i.e. horizontal force H, bending moment M and vertical force V), the radial displacement method and swipe tests are numerically performed. It is found that with increasing vertical load the horizontal bearing capacity of the pile decreases. Furthermore, the presence of bending moment on the pile head significantly influences the horizontal bearing capacity and the capacity diagram in the H–M plane manifests an inclined elliptical shape. An analytical equation providing good agreement with the 3D numerical results is finally proposed. The formula is useful for design purposes and the development of simplified modeling numerical strategies such as macro-element.     

基于有限差分原理的预应力锚索抗滑桩改进计算方法

针对现有预应力锚索抗滑桩计算模型及其相应计算理论存在的问题,基于有限差分法的原理,提出了改进的锚索桩计算模型并进行了详细的理论推导。根据实际的施工和受力过程,该模型包括预应力施加和滑坡推力作用两个阶段,通过滑坡推力分布形式的改进和桩锚协调变形方程的修正来真实反映预应力锚索抗滑桩的主动式受力特点。同时利用Matlab编制成相应的计算程序进行算例验证,并同目前普遍采用的计算理论进行对比分析。结果表明,该改进计算方法及其相应的计算程序充分考虑了预应力施加这一锚索桩特有的过程所带来的影响,且在计算中不必将锚索拉力等效为在桩顶处施加的剪力和弯矩。另外还可对桩前滑面以上存在任意厚度滑体和任意复杂地基条件的情况进行合理地设计计算,相对于目前已有的计算理论,该改进方法更加合理、可靠。     

锚固系统质量检测的小波分析法

波动方程的有限元数值解表明,对锚杆灌浆体内部缺陷的探测,可用声速、幅值、波形等声参数作为判断的依据。基于小波包分析得到的能量特征向量,可以作为缺陷特征向量进行无损检测。人工神经网络这类非线性动力学系统运用于该灰色系统的质量预测,可取得良好的效果。     

Surface wave propagation in a transversely isotropic elastic layer overlying a liquid saturated porous solid half-space and lying under the uniform layer of liquid

Dispersion of Rayleigh-type surface wave is studied in a homogeneous transversely isotropic elastic layer overlying a nondissipative liquid-saturated porous solid half-space and lying under a uniform layer of homogeneous liquid. The frequency equation in the form of ninth-order determinant is obtained.Special cases have been deduced by reducing the depth of the layers to zero and by changing the transverse isotropic layer to an isotropic layer. Dispersion curves for the phase velocity have been plotted for a particular model.     

利用气象要素计算五道梁地区土壤热流量的试验

根据五道梁地区1994—1997年的热流板测量土壤热流值,初步分析了该地区土壤热流随时间的变化特征。利用1994—1996年的月平均资料分别分析了总辐射、地表温度、地表温度和80 cm深度温度差和2 cm、10 cm深度的土壤热流的相关性,并建立了相应的回归方程;利用得到的回归方程对1997年的土壤热流作计算检验,就月平均资料来说,用总辐射和地温差来计算浅层土壤热流结果是比较可靠的。     

Adjoint method for the optimum planning of industrial pollutant sources

The deterioration of air quality is threatening the life and health of people. Scientists in China and other countries have done a great deal of research work on the details of air pollution and the methods of preven-tion and control during the past decades. Up to now, most of the achievements are concentrated on the techniques of controlling pollutant sources and the programs of reduction, which focus on the improve-ment of air quality and the restoration of environment. The techniques of con…     

Optimal weighting in the finite difference solution of the convection-dispersion equation

Oscillation and numerical dispersion limit the reliability of numerical solutions of the convection-dispersion equation when finite difference methods are used. To eliminate oscillation and reduce the numerical dispersion, an optimal upstream weighting with finite differences is proposed. The optimal values of upstream weighting coefficients numerically obtained are a function of the mesh Peclet number used. The accuracy of the proposed numerical method is tested against two classical problems for which analytical solutions exist. The comparison of the numerical results obtained with different numerical schemes and those obtained by the analytical solutions demonstrates the possibility of a real gain in precision using the proposed optimal weighting method. This gain in precision is verified by interpreting a tracer experiment performed in a laboratory column.     

Stability and accuracy analysis of outer loop dynamics in real‐time pseudodynamic testing of SDOF systems

Real‐time pseudodynamic (PSD) testing is an experimental technique for evaluating the dynamic behaviour of a complex structure. During the test, when the targeted command displacements are not achieved by the test structure, or a delay in the measured restoring forces from the test structure exists, the reliability of the testing method is impaired. The stability and accuracy of real‐time PSD testing in the presence of amplitude error and a time delay in the restoring force is presented. Systems consisting of an elastic single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure with load‐rate independent and dependent restoring forces are considered. Bode plots are used to assess the effects of amplitude error and a time delay on the steady‐state accuracy of the system. A method called the pseudodelay technique is used to derive the exact solution to the delay differential equation for the critical time delay that causes instability of the system. The solution is expressed in terms of the test structure parameters (mass, damping, stiffness). An error in the restoring force amplitude is shown to degrade the accuracy of a real‐time PSD test but not destabilize the system, while a time delay can lead to instability. Example calculations are performed for determining the critical time delay, and numerical simulations with both a constant delay and variable delay in the restoring force are shown to agree well with the stability limit for the system based on the critical time delay solution. The simulation models are also used to investigate the effects of a time delay in the PSD test of an inelastic SDOF system. The effect of energy dissipation in an inelastic structure increases the limit for the critical time delay, due to the energy removed from the system by the energy dissipation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.