2009 年夏季南海北部的浮游植物群落

根据2009 年8 月份对南海北部(18°～22°N, 110°～117°E)水域22 个采水站位的调查, 分析夏季调查区浮游植物的群落结构特征。通过Uterm?hl 方法共鉴定出浮游植物5 门60 属109 种(不包括未定种),群落组成以硅藻为主, 其次是甲藻。浮游植物生态类群以广温广布型种为主, 调查区的优势种为柔弱伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissma, 菱形海线藻Thalassionema nitzschioides, 颗粒直链藻Melosiragrannulata, 尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, 矮小短棘藻Detonula pumila, 原多甲藻Protoperidinium sp., 以及冰河拟星杆藻Asterionopsis glacialis。调查区细胞丰度介于0.009×10³个/L到249.930×10³个/L, 平均8.197×10³个/L。南海北部表层浮游植物细胞丰度由近岸向外海逐渐降低,高值区位于珠江口附近以及南部水域, 甲藻在广东沿岸附近出现高值。调查区浮游植物丰度在垂直方向随着水深的增加而递减。Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数和Pielou 均匀度指数在珠江口南部和广东沿岸站位出现低值区, 群落结构稳定性较差。     

南沙海区沉积物中细菌和古细菌16S rDNA多样性的研究

采用细菌16SrDNA通用引物和PCR扩增等方法,构建了南海南沙海区沉积物16S rDNA文库,并通过RFLP酶切分型对所获得的70个克隆进行测序。从国际分子生物学数据库中调取相关序列,以PAUP4．0分析软件构建序列同源性矩阵和系统发育树图。结果表明,与细菌文库中克隆相似的微生物属于4个细菌类群：变形细菌(Proteobacteria)(60％)、革兰氏阳性细菌(Gram-positivre bacteria)(13％)、浮霉菌(Planetomycetes)(10％)和无硫绿细菌(Green nonsulfur bacteria)(6％),其中变形细菌(包括δ-、γ-和α-变形细菌)是明显的优势类群。采用Blast程序对所有序列基因数据库进行搜索,发现只有一个克隆与已知序列完全相似,说明文库具有极高的多样性。但是对古细菌文库中所获得的克隆子进行二级结构和序列特征分析的结果表明,这些克隆子均为海洋未获培养的细菌,因此在作者的文库中并未有古细菌的发现。     

试论湛江红树林区生物多样性保护

论述了湛江红树林区生物多样性的现状与历史变化状况,分析了红树林区生物多样性保护中存在的问题与主要制约因素,提出了保护湛江红树林区生物多样性的一些措施和建议科学规划,保护和建设红树林生态系统;制定法规,加强管理;加强监测,控制污染;宣传教育,提高保护和发展红树林的意识等.     

广州市城市植被景观多样性分析

城市植被是城市的绿色生命线,对改善和美化城市景观生态环境起着重要的作用。言路在分析广州市植被景观现状的基础之上,应用景观生态学原理,结合具体情况和考虑研究的可操作性,选取多样性指数、优势度、分离度和破碎度四个指标,从景观的类型多术性、格局多样性和斑块多样性三个方面,对广州市城市植被景观进行多样性分析。结果表明,随着人类活动的加强,城市植被景观类型多样性降低,景观类型趋于单一;景观斑块多样性增大,嵌     

Effects of topography and land use on woody plant species composition and beta diversity in an arid Trans-Himalayan landscape,Nepal

Distribution patterns of plant species are believed to be impacted by small-scale habitat heterogeneity. However, there have been few comparative studies examining how woody vegetation composition and diversity varies with aspects of different orientations in the Trans-Himalayan region at a local scale. Here, we examined the effects of incoming solar radiation on variation in woody species composition and compared the diversity between the northeast- and southwest-facing slopes in a Trans-Himalayan valley of Nepal. We also examined the implicit interactions between slope orientation and land use in determining the compositional variations between the slopes. We selected two pairs of northeast- and southwest-facing slopes where the first pair has a similar land use and differs in exposure only（Pisang site） while the other pair has clear differences in land use in addition to slope exposure（Braka site）. In each site, we sampled 72 plots（36 on each slope） in which the presence and absence of woody species, environmental variables, and disturbance were recorded. Correspondence Analysis（CA） results suggested that the woody species composition significantly varied between northeast- and southwest-facing slopes at both sites, and was significantly correlated with measured environmental variables such as radiation index, altitude, and canopy openness. In the Braka site,mean alpha diversity was significantly higher on southwest-facing slopes. In contrast, beta diversity and gamma diversity were greater on northeast-facing slopes at both sites. Our results suggest that topographic variables（e.g., radiation index） affect species composition between the slopes, likely due to their influence on small scale abiotic environmental variables. However, the effects of land use, such as livestock browsing/grazing may interact with the effects of slope exposure, effectively reducing differences in species composition within slopes but enhancing the differences in beta diversity between contrasting slopes in the Br     

Depth matters: Microbial eukaryote diversity and community structure in the eastern North Pacific revealed through environmental gene libraries

Protistan community structure was examined from 6 depths (1.5, 20, 42, 150, 500, 880 m) at a coastal ocean site in the San Pedro Channel, California. A total of 856 partial length 18S rDNA protistan sequences from the six clone libraries were analyzed to characterize diversity present at each depth. The sequences were grouped into a total of 259 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that were inferred using an automated OTU calling program that formed OTUs with approximately species-level distinction (95% sequence similarity). Most OTUs (194 out of 259) were observed at only one specific depth, and only two were present in clone libraries from all depths. OTUs were obtained from 21 major protistan taxonomic groups determined by their closest BLAST matches to identified protists in the NCBI database. Approximately 74% of the detected OTUs belonged to the Chromalveolates, with Group II alveolates making up the largest single group. Protistan assemblages at euphotic depths (1.5, 20 and 42 m) were characterized by the presence of clades that contained phototrophic species (stramenopiles, chlorophytes and haptophytes) as well as consumers (especially ciliates). Assemblages in the lower water column (150, 500 and 800 m) were distinct from communities at shallow depths because of strong contributions from taxa belonging to euglenozoans, acantharians, polycystines and Taxopodida (Sticholonche spp. and close relatives). Species richness (Chao I estimate) and diversity (Shannon index) were highest within the euphotic zone and at 150 m, and lowest for protistan assemblages located in the oxygen minimum zone (500 and 880 m). Multivariate analyses (Bray-Curtis coefficient) confirmed that protistan assemblage composition differed significantly when samples were grouped into shallow (≤150 m) and deep water assemblages (≥150 m).     

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

Meiobenthic diversity in space and time: The case of harpacticoid copepods in two Mediterranean microtidal sandy beaches

Meiobenthic data from two microtidal sandy beaches of the eastern Mediterranean (Crete, Greece) were used to investigate patterns of both alpha and beta diversity in space and time. Copepod assemblages and environmental variables related to sediment characteristics, morphodynamics and food were studied over a year at four distinct habitats at each beach; the retention, resurgence and saturation zones of Salvat's intertidal scheme (midlittoral zone), and the surf zone of the sublittoral. Αlpha diversity analysis indicated similar species richness at both beaches when the whole 13-month data set was considered but was higher at the sheltered site when each sampling period was examined separately. Both beaches supported higher diversity in the sublittoral zone. Species richness increased seawards at the midlittoral zone of the sheltered site whereas, no pattern was evident at the exposed site, where the intense hydrodynamic conditions homogenized the sediments. Beta diversity increased markedly towards the sublittoral, indicating greater differences in alpha diversity between the sublittoral and the midlittoral zone. Species turnover was more variable at the exposed beach and at the most landward stations, where environmental conditions change often between extremes. A proportion of the variation in alpha diversity was explained by food availability at both beaches and additionally by grain size at the sheltered site. However, no environmental variable explained beta diversity patterns. Although the results of our study support the hypothesis of Multicausal Environmental Severity proposed for sandy beach macrofauna, we believe the classic Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis is a more appropriate framework for the meiofauna communities of the studied sites.     

Phylogenetic Diversity of Microorganisms from Chemocline of the Meromictic Soda Lake Doroninskoe(Zabaikalie,Russia)

正1 Introduction Many soda and salt lakes are characterized by the formation of the meromictic conditions under which a part of the water column is not involved in the annual process of mixing(Mac Intyre,Melack,1982).This creates an     

Assessment of a Mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystem (Lake Pamvotis, Greece) using benthic community diversity: Response to environmental parameters

Macroinvertebrates play a key role in freshwater lentic and lotic ecosystems. The macroinvertebrate benthic community of a shallow Mediterranean lake (Lake Pamvotis, NW Greece) was studied. The benthic assemblage was sampled monthly at five sites during a period of 1 year (Apr. 1998–Mar. 1999). In addition hypolimnetic water quality variables were monitored over the same period at each site.

The aim of the study was (a) to describe the intra-annual and spatial variability in benthic communities, (b) to relate possible community changes to environmental conditions and (c) to evaluate the responses of the lake's ecological status on community indices.

The benthic fauna of Lake Pamvotis was found to be very limited with a total of 10 species belonging to five taxonomic groups. The oligochaete community comprised 80% of the total benthic fauna with Potamothrix bavaricus as a new record for the Lake Pamvotis and Potamothrix hammoniensis, being the dominant benthic species represented more than 61% of the total benthic fauna. Chironomus plumosus was the most abundant chironomid species contributing with about 6% of the total benthic fauna, and Chaoborus flavicans with 19% was the important dipteran. Almost all benthic species showed the same intra-annual seasonal pattern, with peak population densities during spring and early summer except P. hammoniensis which predominated during the whole sampling period. Dissolved oxygen and temperature seemed to be the main environmental factors affecting community indices.

Benthic communities are affected by human disturbances in Lake Pamvotis shifting their composition to more tolerant taxa, reflecting also the eutrophic to hypertophic character of the lake.