察尔汗盐湖察尔汗二级补给系统S3盐层晶间卤水中KCl的分异特征、富集规律及其成因

据ＫＣｌ含量的概率分布特征,晶间卤水分为７个总体。晶间卤水ＫＣｌ,在三级系统内水平分异有２种、剖面分异有５种,二级系统内水平分异呈环带状、剖面分异形式为三级系统内分异形式的组合,垂直分异有１３种;富集的总体为Ⅳ（ｋｃｌ）、Ⅲ（ｋｃｌ）用Ｖ（ｋｃｌ）、三级系统为（８）和（１０）号、部位为固相钾高含处;分异及富集的成因主要为晶间卤水的阶段性淡化。     

地球形成和演化过程中的分异能计算方法研究

地球形成初期,构成地球的物质在组成上是大致均一的.目前地球的地核-地幔-地壳圈层结构,是由分异作用形成的.分异过程释放的能量称为分异能.Sorokhtin和Chilingarian等人从行星吸积的定义出发,导出了基于地球内部密度分布的势能计算公式,计算出的分异能大小为1.698×1031J.本文采用计算球体势能的思路,导出分异能计算的解析公式和数值计算公式,通过求取原始地球模型与均匀分层模型、PREM模型的势能差计算分异能.两种方法的计算结果分别为1.535×1031J和1.698×1031J.前者与Sorokhtin等的结果相近,后者与之相同.本文初步分析了方法间的异同以及造成结果偏差的主要原因.     

砂岩中的凝灰质填隙物分异特征及其对油气储集空间影响--以鄂尔多斯盆地西北部二叠系为例

运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、能谱分析及溶蚀实验等多种测试手段对鄂尔多斯盆地西北部二叠系砂岩填隙物进行了成份和成岩演化分析,认为砂岩中的填隙物主要为凝灰质填隙物,而不是普通意义上的粘土矿物。在有残余粒间孔隙或裂缝沟通的较开放性水环境里,凝灰质填隙物蚀变程度强,Si、Al、K、Na及Ca等离子因活性不同而发生分异,蚀变为“脏”高岭石及硅质团块等产物;封闭环境下,凝灰质填隙物保存完好,偏光显微镜下显示出似非晶态波状消光,活性强的K、Na元素含量仍然很高。凝灰质填隙物分异过程中,可以产生一定数量的溶蚀孔隙及晶间孔隙,砂岩储集性能得到了明显改善。对声波时差异常带砂岩进行大量的铸体薄片观察,证实了本区砂岩粒间溶蚀孔隙发育,凝灰质填隙物发生了强烈溶蚀。综合分析26口井的资料,发现垂向上凝灰质填隙物溶蚀强度呈箱型展布,箱内“脏”高岭石及溶蚀孔隙发育,箱顶部凝灰质填隙物含量高,保存好,并缺少“脏”高岭石团块出现。     

Evidence for volatile-influenced differentiation in a layered alkali basalt flow, Penghu Islands, Taiwan

An approximately 20-m-thick alkali basalt flow on the Penghu Islands contains ∼20 cm thick, horizontally continuous (>50 m), vesicular layers separated by ∼1.5 m of massive basalt in its upper 8.5 m. The three layers contain ocelli-like "vesicles" filled with nepheline and igneous carbonate. They are coarse grained and enriched in incompatible elements relative to the massive basalt with which they form sharp contacts. These vesicular layers (segregation veins) formed when residual liquid in the underlying crystal mush was forced (gas filter pressing) or siphoned into three thermally induced horizontal cracks that opened successively in the advancing crystal mush of the flow's upper crust. Most vesicular layer trace elements can be modelled by residual melt extraction after 25–40% fractional crystallization of massive basalt underlying each layer. Sulphur, Cl, As, Zn, Pb, K, Na, Rb, and Sr show large concentration changes between the top, middle, and bottom layers, with each vesicular and underlying massive basalt forming a chemically distinct "pair." The large changes between layers are difficult to account for by crystal fractionation alone, because other incompatible elements (e.g., La, Sm, Yb, Zr, Nb) and the major elements change little. The association of these elements (S, Cl, etc.) with "fluids" in various geologic environments suggests that volatiles influenced differentiation, perhaps by moving alkali, alkaline earth, and chalcophile elements as magma-dissolved volatile complexes. Volatiles may have also led to large grain sizes in the segregation veins by lowering melt viscosities and raising diffusion rates. The chemical variability between layers indicates that a convection and concentration mechanism acted within the flow. The specific process cannot be determined, but different rates of vesicle plume rise (through the flow) and/or accumulation in the upper crust's crystal mush might account for the chemical pairing and extreme variations in Cl, S, As, and C. This study emphasizes the importance of sampling vesicular rocks in flows. It also suggests that volatiles play important physical and chemical roles in rapidly differentiating mafic magmas in processes decoupled from crystal fractionation. Received: 11 November 1996 / Accepted: 20 September 1998     

固体潮理论值一阶微商的解析表达式及拟合检验

本文采用全微分法，导出了直接而严密的固体潮理论值对时间一阶微商的解析表达式．将其应用于固体潮资料的拟合检验，确保了理论上的严谨性和计算精度．文中还介绍了部分拟合检验的应用实例，并与不同拟合方法进行了对比分析，表明全微分法在运算处理速度上与谐波展开法和数值微分法相比得到了成倍的提高，而与天顶距微分法的运算速度相同．     

Convergence or differentiation? American and Japanese transnational corporations in the Asia Pacific

As the global economic environment becomes increasingly driven by the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs) from different national origins, the question of convergence as opposed to differentiation in patterns of internationalization among TNCs has begun to intrigue a number of researchers. In this paper, we examine the extent to which the strategic functions of Japanese and American TNCs in the Asia Pacific have converged over time. We draw from a recent survey of TNCs conducted in Hong Kong and Singapore. Detailed analysis of TNC functions in both the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors suggests that convergence between Japanese and American TNCs has occurred most in the area of control-coordination functions among manufacturing firms, arising from a premium placed on intra-TNC organizational stability and isomorphism. On the other hand, substantial differentiation has occurred in functions that are associated with upstream and downstream processes, with Japanese TNCs emphasizing integration in marketing and manufacturing processes as well as forward integration. In contrast, American TNCs tend to focus on business and product development functions that enable them to exploit product and service differentiation.     

岩浆不混溶分异过程动力学分析

根据实验和具体实例,从岩浆不混溶分异过程分析了不混溶球体相随粒经大小而发展演化的阶段性。在早期,数十微米级以下细小的不混溶球体相互相碰撞合并作用剧烈,生长迅速,正因为如此,以及岩浆结晶作用影响,这种球体相一般难以保存下来。另一极端情况是不混溶相生长到米级以上粒径的球体相时,由于快速的重力分离作用,也难以呈球状保存下来,而形成较大规模的分异层状体。只有毫米级到厘米级的不混溶球体相,由于发展缓慢,容易保存,以致可以在火成岩中看到这种球颗（粒）结构。有时微米级球体可以在淬冷火山岩基质中得以保存。从力学角度看,岩浆不混溶相的发展过程是一种有效的岩浆分异演化机理。     

论生物地球化学分异作用

本文首次提出生物地球化学分异作用的概念。并从地史时期的古生物和现代生物（植物、动物、微生物和人类）的地球化学分异作用事实,论述生物选择吸收分异作用和生物选择富集分异作用两种类型。同时阐明了它们的形成机理：生物体内靶细胞、靶组织和靶器官结构功能和生理作用的特异性和专属性的需求,即内因;而地球的生态环境地球化学物质场内,存在着的电子构型、地球化学参数、物理和化学性质以及不同生态环境条件下,表现各异的地球化学性状的百余种化学元素（离子、分子或化合物）,能够满足各类生物的特异性和专属性的物质需求,即外部条件（外因）。内因与外因相结合即是形成机理。生物地球化学分异作用,可为农业、医疗卫生和营养保健以及环境科学的可持续发展提供科学依据,具有理论和实践意义。     

Social interactions can affect feeding behaviour of fish in tanks

Fish from the same clutch of eggs, so of the same age and family, can differ substantially in size after some time in a tank as result of social interactions. On the basis of computer simulation studies I here demonstrate that it is possible to mimic this empirical observation using the rules of the standard Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model, supplemented with a simple stochastic module for interaction between individuals that have identical parameters. The remarkable result is that length-at-age of two individuals in a tank where the number of food particles is kept constant closely follows von Bertalanffy growth curves with very different parameters, while in reality the individuals have identical parameters. The empirical observation demonstrates that fish are close to the supply end of the supply–demand spectrum and that age-based models for growth don't apply to supply systems. The significance of the result is discussed.