Practical evaluation of sinkage and trim effects on the drag of a common generic freely floating monohull ship

A practical method to account for the influence of sinkage and trim on the drag of a freely floating (free to sink and trim) common monohull ship at a Froude number F ≤ 0.45 is considered. The sinkage and the trim are estimated via two alternative simple methods, considered previously. The drag is also estimated in a simple way, based on the classical Froude decomposition into viscous and wave components. Specifically, well-known semiempirical expressions for the friction drag, the viscous pressure drag and the drag due to hull roughness are used, and the wave drag is evaluated via a practical linear potential flow method. This simple approach can be used for ship models as well as full-scale ships with smooth or rough hull surfaces, and is well suited for early ship design and optimization. The method considered here to determine the sinkage and the trim, and their influence on the drag, yields theoretical predictions of the drag of the Wigley, S60 and DTMB5415 hulls that are much closer to experimental measurements than the corresponding predictions for the hull surfaces of the ships in equilibrium position at rest. These numerical results suggest that sinkage and trim effects, significant at Froude numbers 0.25 < F, on the drag of a typical freely floating monohull ship can be realistically accounted for in a practical manner that only requires simple potential flow computations without iterative computations for a sequence of hull positions.     

Design energy input spectra for moderate-to-high seismicity regions based on Colombian earthquakes

Energy input spectra applicable to the seismic design of structures in moderate-to-high seismicity regions are proposed. Such design inputs are derived from the bilinear envelope of individual spectra obtained for 144 ground motions recorded in Colombia. In the short period region the spectra account for the increase of input energy, due to plastification of the structure, through a new formula derived from extensive nonlinear analyses. The proposed energy input design spectra are compared with the provisions of the Colombian seismic code, and with those proposed for Japan, Spain, Iran and Greece. It is found that the proposed spectra are more demanding than the current Colombian seismic code, and that they agree with those developed recently for six cities in Greece, yet applying a different approach. An empirical equation for estimating the portion of the total seismic input energy that contributes to structural damage is also developed.     

Selection of earthquake ground motion records: A state-of-the-art review from a structural engineering perspective

This paper reviews alternative selection procedures based on established methods for incorporating strong ground motion records within the framework of seismic design of structures. Given the fact that time history signals recorded at a given site constitute a random process which is practically impossible to reproduce, considerable effort has been expended in recent years on processing actual records so as to become ‘representative’ of future input histories to existing as well as planned construction in earthquake-prone regions. Moreover, considerable effort has been expended to ensure that dispersion in the structural response due to usage of different earthquake records is minimized. Along these lines, the aim of this paper is to present the most recent methods developed for selecting an ‘appropriate’ set of records that can be used for dynamic analysis of structural systems in the context of performance-based design. A comparative evaluation of the various alternatives available indicates that the current seismic code framework is rather simplified compared to what has actually been observed, thus highlighting both the uncertainties and challenges related to the selection of earthquake records.     

基于RouterOS技术的12322防震减灾电话呼叫系统双线路设计与实现

根据12322电话呼叫系统的实际工作情况,提出了系统线路备份方案,设计了适合新疆维吾尔自治区地震局现状的12322电话呼叫系统双线路,并给出整体思路、实际配置及调试过程,该方案将会提高12322电话呼叫系统线路的稳定运行,同时也提高了系统的安全运行效率。     

非开挖穿越工程中泥浆的选用与优化设计

钻井液（或称泥浆）是钻井工程中的“血液”,也是非开挖穿越工程的“血液”。通过钻井液的循环能够将钻井中各部分有机结合在一起,实现安全高效的钻进。随着我国经济的发展和社会的进步,提出的西气东输、川气东输等大型管道建设项目,数目众多的非开挖穿越工程陆续开工。论文从大型非开挖穿越工程实际需要出发,将工程中所选用泥浆的功用、选用原则等方面进行了论述,并结合国内已经施工的一些穿越工程实例,通过现场数据和试验结果分析对比,对大型非开挖穿越工程中泥浆提出了更加合理、高效的选用原则。并对不用工程条件下所使用泥浆的配合比做出了试验性配合比方案,并在工程实践中得到了很好的证明和应用。     

浅谈水平定向钻穿越设计

本文简要介绍了水平定向钻穿越的技术特点,指出了设计步骤及应注意的技术要点,阐明了水平定向钻技术在管道穿越施工中的优势,及其广泛的应用前景。管道水平钻进的入土角、出土角、曲率半径和穿越深度等设计要素的确定方法,分析了管道强度和回拖力的计算方法。     

土钉墙在基坑边坡支护中的应用

结合海口市某基坑支护,描述了土钉墙支护的设计、施工工艺.与钻孔灌注桩相比,该工法工期短、质量高、经济效益好.     

汶川地震农居震害特征及其成因分析与恢复重建建议

本文总结了汶川地震中农居倒塌、严重破坏与中等破坏的特点,并分析了破坏程度与地震动、地震地表破裂、滑坡、滚石和房屋质量等因素的关系。为了减轻未来地震造成的震害,城镇选址应避开危险地段和抗震不利地段,且农居设计与施工应严格遵循抗震设计规范中的相关条款。同时,本文也强调了当地政府在灾区重建中的重要作用。     

关于抗震设计规范与地震动区划图的有关探讨

本文总结了国内外桥梁抗震设计规范和建筑结构抗震设计规范的设计思想和设计方法,介绍了我国和美国地震动参数区划图的发展和现状,对比分析了抗震规范使用地震区划图的情况。针对我国抗震设计规范和地震动参数区划图的现状,提出了两条建议：（1）地震动参数区划图编制部门应直接提供多水准的地震动参数区划图;（2）抗震设计规范应彻底抛弃设防烈度概念,以地震重现期取代原地震危险程度标示方法。     

A note on strength-reduction factors for design of structures near earthquake faults

Strength-reduction factors are analyzed for simplified near-fault, fault-normal and fault-parallel strong-motion displacements. It is shown that the common design rules for selection of the strength-reduction factors are conservative and properly describe the reduction amplitudes near faults of strong earthquakes, for fault-normal pulses. However, for fault-parallel displacements, the same reduction factors are not conservative and should be changed. It is recommended that for design close to active faults, the strength-reduction factors for all components of motion should be constant for all periods and equal to (2μ−1)^1/2, where μ is ductility.