漳州热田的对流热流和传导热流的研究

漳州地热系统属对流型地热系统.漳州热田是我国东南沿海地区目前所见热田中温度最高（121.5℃）的一个.地表热流值的研究表明,热田中心具有最大的实测热流值（359mw/m²）.本文根据热田内152个钻孔的测温资料和56块岩石样品的热导率数据,采用三种不同方法计算出漳州热田及其邻近地区的大地热流值,并讨论了热流值分布的特点.     

The petroleum generation potential and effective oil window of humic coals related to coal composition and age

A worldwide data set of more than 500 humic coals from the major coal-forming geological periods has been used to analyse the evolution in the remaining (Hydrogen Index, HI) and total (Quality Index, QI) generation potentials with increasing thermal maturity and the ‘effective oil window’ (‘oil expulsion window’). All samples describe HI and QI bands that are broad at low maturities and that gradually narrow with increasing maturity. The oil generation potential is completely exhausted at a vitrinite reflectance of 2.0–2.2%R_o or T_max of 500–510 °C. The initial large variation in the generation potential is related to the original depositional conditions, particularly the degree of marine influence and the formation of hydrogen-enriched vitrinite, as suggested by increased sulphur and hydrogen contents. During initial thermal maturation the HI increases to a maximum value, HI_max. Similarly, QI increases to a maximum value, QI_max. This increase in HI and QI is related to the formation of an additional generation potential in the coal structure. The decline in QI with further maturation is indicating onset of initial oil expulsion, which precedes efficient expulsion. Liquid petroleum generation from humic coals is thus a complex, three-phase process: (i) onset of petroleum generation, (ii) petroleum build-up in the coal, and (iii) initial oil expulsion followed by efficient oil expulsion (corresponding to the effective oil window). Efficient oil expulsion is indicated by a decline in the Bitumen Index (BI) when plotted against vitrinite reflectance or T_max. This means that in humic coals the vitrinite reflectance or T_max values at which onset of petroleum generation occurs cannot be used to establish the start of the effective oil window. The start of the effective oil window occurs within the vitrinite reflectance range 0.85–1.05%R_o or T_max range 440–455 °C and the oil window extends to 1.5–2.0%R_o or 470–510 °C. For general use, an effective oil window is proposed to occur from 0.85 to 1.7%R_o or from 440 to 490 °C. Specific ranges for HI_max and the effective oil window can be defined for Cenozoic, Jurassic, Permian, and Carboniferous coals. Cenozoic coals reach the highest HI_max values (220–370 mg HC/g TOC), and for the most oil-prone Cenozoic coals the effective oil window may possibly range from 0.65 to 2.0%R_o or 430 to 510 °C. In contrast, the most oil-prone Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous coals reach the expulsion threshold at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.85–0.9%R_o or T_max of 440–445 °C.     

草原旅游发展的实践及空间格局研究

草原以其辽阔、坦荡的景观以及风土人情构成一类旅游目的地,世界上拥有大片草原的国家都非常重视草原旅游业的发展。我国草原旅游发展也较快,形成了不同空间类型、不同植被景观类型和不同人文与自然结合类型的旅游发展格局,其中又以内蒙古最为突出。但是,由于草原生态系统的脆弱性,决定了草原旅游发展存在脆弱性,因此,在开发中需要更加严格的科学规划和管理。     

Factors influencing the presence or absence of tributary-junction fans in the Iberian Range, Spain

This paper analyses the factors which influence the presence or absence of tributary-junction fans in the Iberian Range, northern Spain. Two valleys were selected, both characterised by wide variations in lithology, altitude, land use and plant cover. Two groups of factors were studied: those related to the internal characteristics of the drainage basins, which particularly control sediment generation; and those related to the characteristics of the depositional area which control accommodation space and main river power. Among the internal factors, the development of alluvial fans was related to: (i) the capacity of the basin to yield large volumes of sediment, (ii) the occurrence of intense human pressure until recent times, a good indicator of sediment yield, and (iii) the capacity of the basin to quickly increase discharge during rainstorms (discharge density and torrentiality). It is suggested that the areas that were intensively cultivated in the past, and have therefore been affected by intense erosion, have played a decisive role on the development of alluvial fans. This would imply that many of these alluvial fans have a relatively recent origin, perhaps related to the beginning of a widespread deforestation. The basins without alluvial fans are characterised by relatively steep hillslope gradients (that is, slopes that never were subjected to historical cultivation), low drainage densities and dense forest and shrub cover, mostly coinciding with high altitude basins composed of quartzite and shale bedrocks. Regarding the external factors, the shape, size and longitudinal gradient of the main river to which the fans are tributary are the most relevant conditioning factors determining the development of alluvial fans.     

邢台矿区山字型构造的发现及其地质意义

邢台山字型构造位于河北省邯邢煤田内，其前弧向ES突出，脊柱呈ES-WN走向。分别分析了山字型构造脊柱及其东、西翼反射弧构造形迹特征，对研究区找矿具有重要意义。     

藏南地区金和锑矿床(点)类型及其时空分布特征

本文首次对藏南地区金和锑矿床(点)地质特征、成因类型和空间分布特点进行了总结，对金和锑成矿作用与中新生代构造一岩浆活动的关系进行了论证，对区域地壳演化过程中金和锑成矿动力学机制进行了讨论。该区的金和锑矿床(点)可按容矿围岩划分为：①变质岩为主要容矿围岩矿床(点)，包括金和金一锑矿床(点)；②沉积岩为主要容矿围岩矿床(点)，包括金、锑、金一锑和锑多金属矿床(点)；③火山岩为主要容矿围岩矿床(点)，以金一银矿床为代表。根据金和锑矿床(点)空间分布特点和地质特点，将本区划分为4个矿化集中区：拉昂错一马攸木一帕羊金矿化集中区(A)，然勒金和锑矿化集中区(B)，洛扎一措美锑矿化集中区(C)和邛多江金一锑矿化集中区(D)。各矿化集中区内大多数金和锑矿床(点)与燕山晚期～喜马拉雅早期富碱火成岩具密切时空分布关系，它们是古板块对接碰撞期和碰撞期后大规模构造一岩浆活动的产物。近东西向挤压性和南北向张性断裂交汇部位以及富碱火成岩发育区是寻找金和锑矿床(点)的有利场所。     

HD-4002型综合测井仪

HD 4002型综合测井仪是核工业北京地质研究院于1998年开始研制的, 其目标是为铀矿地质系统提供适合砂岩型铀矿勘查的轻便型数字测井仪, 满足测井生产的需要。该仪器于2001 年3月通过部级鉴定, 2002至2003年投入海拉尔盆地铀矿勘查测井试生产。本文介绍了仪器的用途、功能及特点、性能指标, 简要说明了各部分的工作原理。     

镇旬矿田泥盆系和志留系铅锌矿的成矿地质条件分析

对镇（安）旬（阳）矿田泥盆系、志留系铅锌矿的成矿地质条件分析表明，本区泥盆系、志留系铅锌矿总体属层控矿床类型。铅锌矿赋存于下志留统悔子垭组、中志留统双河镇组及中泥盆统大枫沟组、上泥盆统南羊山组；控矿构造为断裂、褶皱，容矿构造为顺层断裂带、剪切带，含矿岩石为含碳砂岩、千枚岩及灰岩、生物灰岩、白云岩；沉积环境为浅水陆棚相、台地边缘及泻湖、潮坪、台地浅海。以旬阳泗人沟为代表的志留系铅锌矿属细碎屑岩沉积强改造型铅锌矿床；以旬阳大岭、赵家庄为代表的泥盆系铅锌矿属碳酸盐岩沉积弱改造型铅锌矿床；以镇安锡铜沟、月西为代表的泥盆系铅锌矿属碳酸盐岩沉积强改造型铅锌矿床。     

河南省平顶山盐田盐矿床成矿特征探讨

以现有钻孔及区域资料为基础，对平顶山盐田盐矿床形成的构造条件和盐湖的沉积模式、沉积类型成矿物源进行了分析，为平顶山盐田的进一步勘查和开发提供了宝贵资料。