地球整体观对水文地质工程地质研究的指导作用

本文先对整体观和地球整体观作了界说, 然后分别阐述了地球整体观对水文地质和工程地质研究的指导作用, 阐述了水文地质工程地质学整体观。     

地图出版系统的四视图体系结构设计

本文设计了一种地图出版系统的四视图体系结构,其中功能视图和结构视图用来界定系统主要的业务功能和“大颗粒”系统结构;控制视图描述了数据输入、编辑处理和输出的流程控制;部署视图描述了地图出版系统的软硬件配置方案。     

多源数据协同的城市道路提取

城市道路的高精度提取可为城市三维表达、城市地形分析、城市建设规划、交通导航等提供数据基础和支撑。本文以合肥市局部城区为试验区,以开源路网、街景图像和遥感影像为数据源,在利用最大似然法进行初提取的基础上,通过空间分析、统计分析、几何量测、最小二乘拟合等方法进行粘连分割、缺失处理和交叉口细化等关键处理,构建了多源数据协同的城市道路提取方法,并对提取结果进行了精度评价和分析。试验结果表明,本文提出的城市道路提取方法优于最大似然和面向对象方法,提取总体精度为96.65%,Kappa系数为93.71%,道路宽度偏离标准差为0.03m,特别是对同物异谱、同谱异物及遮挡等造成的信息提取不全问题具有良好的改善效果。     

侧视地图中建筑物轮廓线提取的三维城市模型法

针对城市侧视地图上建筑物轮廓线主要依靠人工交互提取,成本高昂、效率低下且精细度和准确度有限的问题,提出了一种任意视角侧视地图中建筑物轮廓线的自动提取方法。采用深度缓冲区分割算法获取单个建筑物对象的颜色缓冲区,顾及了存在建筑群的情况和建筑物密集区域的遮挡问题,再基于颜色缓冲区追踪建筑物轮廓线。为了保持遮挡一致性且便于匹配提取出的矢量轮廓线与栅格侧视地图,本文还提出了基于投影空间分块加载三维城市模型的方法。最后,以武汉市典型三维城市模型数据为例,证明了该方法的有效性和可靠性。     

Resource-based view of sustainability engagement

This research examines local sustainability planning processes under the label of Local Agenda 21 in Italy from a resource-based view. Two types of resources, municipal (or internal resources) and relational resources, are considered. Relational resources stem from (1) dyadic relationships with higher levels of government and (2) network relationships (municipality-higher level of government-municipality). A model is proposed in which the integration of these resources explains the engagement of municipal authorities with Local Agenda 21-type processes. The model is tested by considering the perceptions of 108 local senior officials and politicians who are in charge of Local Agenda 21 processes in Italy. The respondents account for 31% of the members of a formal Italian Local Agenda 21 network. The results show moderate to low engagement with Local Agenda 21 processes, which is explained by moderate to poor levels of relational resources. Our findings indicate that local authority engagement with Local Agenda 21-type processes requires a systemic perspective, where higher levels of government and municipalities integrate and combine their resources and create new purposefully led resources through regular and intense interactions.     

Radiative characteristics in a Japanese forested drainage basin during snowmelt

Radiative characteristics in a forested drainage basin during the snowmelt season were examined in order to better understand and predict snowmelt runoff in the basin. A method for estimating net radiation in a forest (R_nf) was presented using the total sky view factor (P) and the sun path sky view factor (Q). Solar radiation, albedo, atmospheric radiation and air temperature observed at an open site were also required. The total and the sun path sky view factors were determined from all‐sky photographs. Q was expressed as a linear function of P for 0·15<P<0·86 regardless of forest type. For P<0·15, Q was set to zero, and for P>0·86, Q was equal to unity. The short‐wave radiation budget at the forest floor (S_nf) increased with P, whereas the long‐wave radiation budget (L_nf) decreased with P. R_nf increased with P for 0·15<P<0·86, and changed little with P for P<0·15 and P>0·86, as the increase in S_nf was offset by the decrease in L_nf . The forest effect on R_nf was diminished under cloudy or high albedo conditions, because S_nf was easily offset by L_nf . This estimation method was extended to the whole basin, and R_nf was obtained over a watershed covered by trees. At the beginning of the snowmelt season when the albedo remained high, the forest effect became null because the decrease in S_nf was balanced by the increase in L_nf . As the albedo gradually lowered with the advance of the snowmelt season, the decrease in S_nf owing to forest covers exceeded the increase in L_nf , and the forest effect to decrease R_nf became evident. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Clipmap的全球多分辨率地形可视化技术

利用Clipmap技术实现了全球多分辨率地形环境仿真系统。在此基础上通过对地形绘制中的视场范围、简化原则、多线程调度和裂缝消除几个重点问题进行研究和解决,提高了系统的工作效率和显示效果。最后,对Clipmap层数的使用进行了对比测试,提出了相对合理的使用方案,平衡了系统中渲染速度和视觉效果的矛盾。     

利用坐标反算的投影网格算法

投影网格算法从投影后的网格入手,通过反算获取投影前的位置,进而完成3维地形的绘制。分析了传统投影网格算法存在的缺陷,提出了改进的投影网格算法,并对改进后的算法进行了测试和分析。认为投影网格算法具有简单直观、易构建高分辨率地形的优点,最后指出了需要进一步研究的方向。     

北斗三号多频点双频组合共视时间传递性能分析

针对北斗二号(BeiDou-2) B1I&B2I标准双频无电离层伪距组合解算的共视比对结果中存在明显的噪声进而影响其短期稳定性的现象, 开展了在BeiDou-2和北斗三号(BeiDou-3)现有可用频率信号中选取最优双频组合的研究, 以期改善BeiDou的共视时间传递性能. 基于开发的CGGTTS (Common GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Generic Time Transfer Standard)软件所生成的标准共视文件, 完成了中国科学院国家授时中心(NTSC)与捷克光电研究院(TP)之间GPS、Galileo、BeiDou-2 B1I&B2I及B1I&B3I和BeiDou-3 B1I&B3I及B1C&B2a双频无电离层伪距组合共视时间比对试验, 并用Vondark滤波对各双频组合的共视结果降噪处理, 通过计算滤波残差的RMS值来评估共视时间比对的精度. 结果表明, 利用BeiDou-3 B1C&B2a组合伪距值获得的共视时间比对结果噪声相对较小, 相比BeiDou-2 B1I&B2I、B1I&B3I和BeiDou-3 B1I&B3I组合的RMS (Root Mean Square)值分别提高约46%、52%和37%, 与GPS P1&P2组合的精度相当, 且与Galileo E1&E5a组合相差不大. BeiDou-3 B1C&B2a组合链路的短稳(< 1d)要优于BeiDou-2 B1I&B2I、B1I&B3I和BeiDou-3 B1I&B3I组合, 且与GPS P1&P2、Galileo E1&E5a组合的稳定性相当; 6条共视时间比对链路的中长稳(> 1d)基本一致.     

近景摄影测量下的视场关系定量表达

近景摄影测量下的视场关系指较小空间范围中不同视场之间存在的位姿关系,它用来确定不同摄像机所代表的参考坐标系之间的旋转量与平移量。它在交通监控、目标识别与定位、居家安全保障等方面有着广泛的应用。本文在近景摄影测量的框架下,提出了一种确定两种不同视场之间位姿的方法,具体步骤为：①在大视场下进行变化检测,当有变化区域被检测到时,获得原始图像,同时在小视场下获得样本图像集合;②对原始图像和样本图像集合进行相对定向,得到样本图像相对于原始图像的空间姿态参数;③将原始图像和样本图像进行图像匹配,获取匹配度最高的样本图像,该样本图像存储的姿态参数即是拍摄瞬间小视场相对于大视场的位姿;④按照步骤③中获取的姿态参数调整小视场下的摄像机空间位姿,使其对准变化区域。试验表明该方法能够有效支持空间范围较小区域内视场关系的定量描述。