Resident Willingness to Pay for Ecotourism Resources and Associated Factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Willingness to Pay (WTP), Willingness to Work (WTW) and Willingness to Accept Compensation (WTA) are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’ willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology. The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’ willingness to pay, work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park, and to analyze the relationship between residents’ attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey. The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was employed to determine the willingness. The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP, WTW, WTA, socio-demFographical information, social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties. Based on generalized linear modeling, income and education level are important for residents’ WTP and WTA, but other social characteristics, such as gender and age, do not have significant effects. The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’ willingness, despite the limitation on education level. Also, government funding is associated with residents’ inclination to WTP, WTW and WTA, but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities. The estimated WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10 ⁷ yuan, 1.247×10 ⁶ hours and 2.3232×10 ⁷ yuan yr ^-1 based on the survey and published demographics. This study, for the first time, estimates the WTP, WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers. Ultimately, to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development, compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent, and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.     

基于Meta回归方法的中国内陆河流域生态系统服务价值再评估

将流域生态系统服务的经济价值纳入成本效益分析,是解决生态环境问题和实现流域生态资源可持续配置的关键。近年来随着价值评估文献量增加,评估的价值及其影响因素等研究结论由于存在诸多争议而难以应用于管理实践。首次应用Meta回归分析对中国内陆河流域生态系统服务的价值进行综合再评估,结果发现:在价值评估研究中研究对象、受访者、测度方法、撰写发表等4个环节的特征对评估价值均具有显著影响,其中,石羊河和塔里木河的评估价值显著高于黑河,上游的评估价值显著高于中游和下游,二分式条件价值评估法所评估的价值与选择实验法没有显著差异,但显著高于其他条件价值评估法;此外,时间对评估价值呈现显著"衰减效应",每年下降2%～3%,且期刊文献的评估价值显著高于其他文献的评估价值;通过运用n-1数据分割技术,本文将Meta回归方程结果运用到样本外效益转移并对其进行评估,得到的中位数转移误差为27.12%。相较于现有研究,该结果处于可接受范围。因此,本文运用的Meta回归分析适用于中国内陆河流域效益转移政策地的生态系统服务价值评估。     

A new typology of benefits derived from marine protected areas

Global decline of marine resources has triggered a worldwide demand for changing the way ocean resources are managed. Ecosystem-based management approaches have emerged using marine protected areas (MPA) as the main tool. Several classifications of marine protected areas benefits have been made, but all have focused only on the benefits to humans, neglecting many important benefits accrued to nature. This paper presents a new comprehensive classification of MPA benefits that will provide scientists and managers with an inclusive framework to accurately identify and account for all possible benefits derived from MPAs. The paper also analyses the methods available for valuing these benefits. A total of 99 benefits were identified within nine main categories: fishery, non-fishery, management, education/research, cultural, process, ecosystem, population and species benefits. These categories are arranged in two main divisions (direct and indirect benefits), which, at the same time, fall within the realms of benefits to humans and to nature.     

User fees as sustainable financing mechanisms for marine protected areas: An application to the Bonaire National Marine Park

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have proliferated globally in the past three decades. However, inadequate funding often prevents these management regimes from fulfilling their missions. Managers have become increasingly aware that successful protection of marine ecosystems is dependent not only upon an understanding of their biological and physical processes, but also their associated social and economic aspects. Unfortunately, economic values associated with MPAs and the natural resources they protect are rarely considered in decision-making and policy development. This study addresses this information gap by examining scuba divers’ willingness to pay for access to quality recreational sites in the Bonaire National Marine Park, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. The findings indicate that the US$10 annual diver user fee in effect at the time of the study could be increased substantially without a significant adverse effect on island tourism. Depending on question format, mean willingness to pay for annual access ranged from US$61 to US$134 (2002$). All model specifications support the conclusion that doubling the US$10 user fee would have virtually no impact on visitation rates. The increased revenue generated from this sustainable financing mechanism is more than sufficient to fund both current and enhanced marine park operations.     

渤海西北岸填海造陆的生态损失及其对海岸带可持续发展的启示

填海造陆已经成为全球沿海地区缓解土地短缺、促进社会发展和经济增长的重要手段。随着快速工业化和城市化过程,亚洲已经成为填海造陆的中心。从天津滨海新区到唐山曹妃甸新区,在渤海西北岸正在进行的填海工程其规模在世界上名列前茅。为了剖析海岸带发展的环境因素并促进其可持续发展,对渤海西北岸填海造陆的生态损失采取了回顾性和预测性评价,从生态系统服务角度货币化计算了供给、调节、支持、文化四大类10个方面的生态损失。结果表明：2000-2010年填海造陆的生态损失为9.719亿美元,2010-2020年新增填海造陆的生态损失将达7.021亿美元,其中气体调节和水产品供应方面的损失最大。针对填海造陆可持续发展,提出相关建议,包括：在综合评估基础上的合理规划;减少填海造陆面积;优化填海区土地结构;采用“低影响”开发模式填海;采用生态补偿机制,等。     

地图质量的模糊综合评价

地图质量评价是判定地图质量的重要方面 ,文中在分析地图质量评价的内容、标准的基础上 ,引进模糊综合评价的方法评价地图质量 ,并给出了实例。     

Environmental economics of the Khangchendzonga National Park in the Sikkim Himalaya, India

A contingent valuation survey was conducted involving local community members, domestic and foreign visitors to estimate the environmental economics of the Khangchendzonga National Park and to elicit their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for its maintenance and conservation. Using a random survey, the average WTP was US$ 8.84 for foreign visitors per visit, followed by US$ 6.20 per household per year by local community members and US$ 1.91 per domestic visitor per visit for improvement in environmental conservation. The WTP was strongly influenced by age, education and income. The present study demonstrated that the contingent valuation method (CVM) is a promising approach, however it lacks inclusion of non-monetary contributions. The WTP for environmental management by the local communities was mostly in kind or time for services. The CVM can be a useful tool for decision-makers regarding investment and policy purposes for management of biodiversity hot spots and protected areas in developing countries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

红河州气候康养资源时空分布特征分析与效应评价

基于红河州各县市30年常规气象观测资料和医疗数据,根据人体舒适度、旅游气候适宜度等指标规范,对全州气候康养资源的分布特征进行了挖掘,对其康养效应进行了初步探析与评估。研究结果表明：（1）红河州13县市气候康养资源具有空间差异性,其中,金平县、个旧市、绿春县、泸西县、屏边县均全年无夏,适宜避暑为主的康养;而河口县、元阳县、开远市、红河县全年无冬,适宜避寒为主的康养;蒙自市、建水县、弥勒市、石屏县则为四季温和型“春城”气候,四季康养皆宜。（2）全州舒适期长达7个月,属于四季全域康养旅游目的地,其中最适宜旅游月份是2-4月和9-11月。（3）全州平均期望寿命排在前三位的金平县、泸西县、个旧市3个县市,其春秋季节天数都在300天以上,均属于春秋型气候养生区;其中排在第一位的金平县,百岁老人最多,被认定为云南首个“长寿之乡”。（4）心脑血管疾病发生率与气侯舒适性关系密切,气候不适天数较多（舒适天数较少）的地区心脑血管疾病发生率也较高。此项研究既可为欲去红河州进行气候康养者提供重要参考,又可为当地康养产业发展提高科学依据,也为刚刚开始的气候康养研究提供借鉴。     

Cost-benefit analysis in the context of ecosystem services for human well-being: A multidisciplinary critique

This paper provides a critique of the cost-benefit analysis tool for ecosystem services policy evaluation. We argue that when applied to public ecosystem services, the theoretical assumptions that underlie economic valuation and cost-benefit analysis fail to fully acknowledge the multiple dimensions of human well-being, the plural forms of value articulation, the complex nature of ecosystems, the distributional biases of markets and the fairness implications of spatio-temporal framing. The current monistic utilitarian approach to ecosystem services policy evaluation should therefore be replaced by a pluralist framework composed of a heterogeneous set of value-articulating instruments that are appropriate to the specific context within which decision-making takes place. It is argued that within this pluralist framework cost-benefit analysis may remain an appropriate tool to examine the contingent trade-offs of local policies that have limited impacts on ecosystems and their services.     

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.