梅雨期江淮地区极端高温事件的非均匀性特征及其与环流系统的配置

本文基于集中度和集中期的定义方法,利用1960~2007年的48年江淮地区站点的日平均温度资料和累积频率的阈值统计方法,分析梅雨期江淮地区极端高温事件的非均匀分布特征.结果表明,集中度和集中期的方法能够定量地表征梅雨期江淮地区极端高温事件的非均匀分布特征.集中期的异常型为全场一致和南北异常型,集中度的异常分布主要为南北异常和东西异常.进一步比较集中度和集中期异常与同期环流系统的配置关系得知,当集中期南北异常变化时,在高纬度的北太平洋区域出现一对正负的异常模态,且随高度增加而增强,为相当正压结构.海温的异常集中在北太平洋的北美沿岸的显著负异常中心.当集中度为东西异常时,主要环流异常型为约在160°W左右出现 "+ - + -" 的200 hPa纬向西风异常波列形式从低纬度到高纬度地区传播以及与ENSO的显著负相关.     

地震事件自动判断方法研究

地震事件的自动判断是自动定位系统中至关重要的部分。本文结合数字波形特征的实际模型,提出了一套符合计算机化运行模式的新方法。对波形进行预处理后采用传统STA/LTA方法、波形延续性、台站集中性三者相结合的判断方法,有效的排除了干扰台站,保证了地震事件自动判断的准确性,并在实际运行过程中得到很好的验证。     

文山杨柳井铝土矿矿床成因及找矿标志

铝土矿产于第四系残坡积层中,属堆积型,分布于大塘组及威宁组形成的溶蚀漏斗及洼地中。讨论矿床成因及找矿标志。     

137Cs and 210Po in Pacific walrus and bearded seal from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska

The activity concentration of Cesium-137 ((137)Cs) and naturally-occurring Polonium-210 ((210)Po) were measured in the muscle tissue, kidney and liver of Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) and bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) collected by native hunters from the Bering Sea during May 1996. The mean (137)Cs concentrations in muscle, liver and kidney of Pacific walrus were 0.07, 0.09 and 0.07 Bq kg(-1) (n=5, wet weight), respectively, and 0.17, 0.10, and 0.17 Bq kg(-1) (n=2, wet weight), respectively, in bearded seal. In general, (137)Cs tissue concentrations are significantly lower than those previously reported for mammals from other regions. By comparison, (210)Po activity concentrations are more variable and appear to be higher level compared with mammal data from other regions. The mean (210)Po concentration in the muscle tissue, liver and kidney of Pacific walrus (n=5, wet weight) were 28.7, 189, and 174 Bq kg(-1), respectively. This compares with (210)Po concentration values (n=2, wet weight) of 27, 207 and 68 Bq kg(-1) measured in the muscle tissue, liver and kidney, of bearded seal, respectively. Estimated concentration factors--as defined by the radionuclide concentration ratio between the target tissue to that in sea water--were two to three orders of magnitude higher for (210)Po that those of (137)Cs. We conclude from radiological dose estimates that ingestion of (137)Cs in foods derived from walrus and seal will pose no threat to human health. This work has important implications for assessment of risks of Alaskan coastal communities concerned about the dumping of nuclear waste in the Russia Arctic.     

Effects of pore-scale dispersion,degree of heterogeneity,sampling size,and source volume on the concentration moments of conservative solutes in heterogeneous formations

Pore-scale dispersion (PSD), aquifer heterogeneity, sampling volume, and source size influence solute concentrations of conservative tracers transported in heterogeneous porous formations. In this work, we developed a new set of analytical solutions for the concentration ensemble mean, variance, and coefficient of variation (CV), which consider the effects of all these factors. We developed these models as generalizations of the first-order solutions in the log-conductivity variance of point concentration proposed by [Fiori A, Dagan G. Concentration fluctuations in aquifer transport: a rigorous first-order solution and applications. J Contam Hydrol 2000;45(1–2):139–163]. Our first-order solutions compare well with numerical simulations for small and moderate formation heterogeneity and from small to large sampling and source volumes. However, their performance deteriorates for highly heterogeneous formations. Successively, we used our models to study the interplay among sampler size, source volume, and PSD. Our analysis shows a complex and important interaction among these factors. Additionally, we show that the relative importance of these factors is also a function of plume age, of aquifer heterogeneity, and of the measurement location with respect to the mean plume center of gravity. We found that the concentration moments are chiefly controlled by the sampling volume with pore-scale dispersion playing a minor role at short times and for small source volumes. However, the effect of the source volume cannot be neglected when it is larger than the sampling volume. A different behavior occurs for long periods, which may be relevant for old contaminations, or for small injection volumes. In these cases, PSD causes a significant dilution, which is reflected in the concentration statistics. Additionally, at the center of the mean plume, where high concentrations are most likely to occur, we found that sampling volume and PSD are attenuating mechanisms for both concentration ensemble mean and coefficient of variation, except at very large source and sampler sizes, where the coefficient of variation increases with sampler size and PSD. Formation heterogeneity causes a faster reduction of the ensemble mean concentrations and a larger uncertainty at the center of the mean plume. Therefore, our results highlight the importance of considering the combined effect of formation heterogeneity, exposure volume, PSD, source size, and measurement location in performing risk assessment.     

Factors Controlling Total Concentration and Aqueous Speciation of Aluminium in an Acidic Headwater Stream of the Bavarian Forest National Park: a Modelling Approach

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse factors controlling total concentration and aqueous speciation of aluminium in the Große Ohe River, using a thermodynamic equilibrium model and a mixing approach. A model compound for humic substances is derived on the basis of the relation between anion deficit and the organic carbon content in the river as well as literature data. An equilibrium speciation model for aluminium is set up, considering this model compound and relevant inorganic solutes. Although the model cannot be verified directly, its results may be viewed as qualitatively correct. Applying the model to measured stream water samples highlights that aqueous speciation of aluminium is mainly controlled by the pH value and discharge and that free aluminium concentrations reach clearly toxic levels during acidic episodes. Comparing measured concentrations of sulfate and H⁺ and calculated concentrations of Al³⁺ with solubility curves of gibbsite like minerals and jurbanite clearly shows that total aluminium concentrations are not controlled by equilibria with these mineral phases alone. The observed relationship can be better explained from a mixture of two distinct waters, representing lowflow and highflow chemistry, and the resulting equilibrium concentrations. This indicates that total aluminium concentration, in particular during high discharge events, is mainly controlled by the mixture of waters with differing chemistry and flowpaths.     

近年葫芦岛市区空气微生物浓度变化特征分析

采用平皿沉降法测定了2006年5月—2007年1月葫芦岛市区室内外空气微生物含量。结果表明:市区室外平均空气总菌、细菌和真菌量分别为15 434.0、14 981.9 CFU/m3和452.1 CFU/m3,真菌占总菌量的2.9%,表明空气处于中度微生物污染状态。闹市、交通要道的空气质量一般比近郊、清净处的差;室外空气微生物浓度显示出时间和垂直高度变化的某种特点。室内空气微生物监测结果反映出室内空气质量尚可。建议应进一步采取得力的环境保护措施,切实改善空气环境质量。     

华北地区雨季极端降水量的非均匀性特征

利用1957-2011年华北地区50个站日降水资料,分析极端降水量的集中度和集中期,探讨华北地区雨季极端降水的非均匀性特征。结果表明：华北地区极端降水量东南部大,西北部小;集中度也为东部大,西部小,即东部地区极端降水较集中,西部地区较分散。极端降水多出现在7月下旬,即华北的主汛期。极端降水量和集中度呈显著减小趋势,集中期减小趋势不显著。华北地区雨季极端降水量的集中度和集中期与同期极端降水量有较好的相关关系,极端降水量越多,极端降水出现越集中,且出现时间越晚;反之亦然。这种关系在环渤海湾地区最显著。分析京津唐地区极端降水发现,极端降水量及其集中度、集中期均呈显著减少趋势。京津唐地区极端降水量在20世纪90年代中期出现突变,90年代后,极端降水量明显减少,且更分散,集中期主要表现为提前。     

Modelling of concentration fluctuations in canopy turbulence

The knowledge of the concentration probability density function (pdf) is of importance in a number of practical applications, and a Lagrangian stochastic (LS) pdf model has been developed to predict statistics and concentration pdf generated by continuous releases of non-reactive and reactive substances in canopy generated turbulence. Turbulent dispersion is modelled using a LS model including the effects of wind shear and along-wind turbulence. The dissipation of concentration fluctuations associated with turbulence and molecular diffusivity is simulated by an Interaction by Exchange with the Conditional Mean (IECM) micromixing model. A general procedure to obtain the micromixing time scale needed in the IECM model useful in non-homogeneous conditions and for single and multiple scalar sources has been developed. An efficient algorithm based on a nested grid approach with particle splitting, merging techniques and time averaging has been used, thus allowing the calculation for cases of practical interest. The model has been tested against wind-tunnel experiments of single line and multiple line releases in a canopy layer. The approach accounted for chemical reactions in a straightforward manner with no closure assumptions, but here the validation is limited to non-reacting scalars.     

Wind-tunnel Modelling of Dispersion from a Scalar Area Source in Urban-Like Roughness

A wind-tunnel study was conducted to investigate ventilation of scalars from urban-like geometries at neighbourhood scale by exploring two different geometries a uniform height roughness and a non-uniform height roughness, both with an equal plan and frontal density of λ _p = λ _f = 25%. In both configurations a sub-unit of the idealized urban surface was coated with a thin layer of naphthalene to represent area sources. The naphthalene sublimation method was used to measure directly total area-averaged transport of scalars out of the complex geometries. At the same time, naphthalene vapour concentrations controlled by the turbulent fluxes were detected using a fast Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) technique. This paper describes the novel use of a naphthalene coated surface as an area source in dispersion studies. Particular emphasis was also given to testing whether the concentration measurements were independent of Reynolds number. For low wind speeds, transfer from the naphthalene surface is determined by a combination of forced and natural convection. Compared with a propane point source release, a 25% higher free stream velocity was needed for the naphthalene area source to yield Reynolds-number-independent concentration fields. Ventilation transfer coefficients w _T /U derived from the naphthalene sublimation method showed that, whilst there was enhanced vertical momentum exchange due to obstacle height variability, advection was reduced and dispersion from the source area was not enhanced. Thus, the height variability of a canopy is an important parameter when generalising urban dispersion. Fine resolution concentration measurements in the canopy showed the effect of height variability on dispersion at street scale. Rapid vertical transport in the wake of individual high-rise obstacles was found to generate elevated point-like sources. A Gaussian plume model was used to analyse differences in the downstream plumes. Intensified lateral and vertical plume spread and plume dilution with height was found for the non-uniform height roughness.