Significant Difference in Dimming Magnitude Between Urban and Rural Regions in China and Its Implication for Surface Temperature

The climatology and long term trends of sunshine duration (SSD), total cloud amount (TCC) and surface temperature are studied based on surface observations at 84 stations across China from 1961 to 2009. These stations were classified into metropolis, large city, small city and rural station based on their populations and specific station locations. Difference in SSD and its implication for surface temperature among four station categories are analyzed. Different SSD decreasing rates among four station categories were found. The maximum decreasing rate occurred at metropolis stations (-89.2 h per decade) and the minimum rate occurred at rural station (-54.1 h per decade). TCC also showed a negative trend. The correlation coefficients between decadal variability of SSD and TCC were significantly positive, which implied that the dimming during this period was apparently not explained by TCC. Among all station categories, the maximum temperatures (Tmax) showed a similar positive trend, however, the minimum temperatures (Tmin) increased much faster at urban stations than at rural stations. This suggested that the faster decline of SSD at urban stations could partly dampen the effect of urban heat island on Tmax.     

利用正演模拟实现面波衰减

瑞雷波是分布在自由表面附近的P-SV面波,具有强振幅、低频、频散的特征,常用于工程物探,而在油气勘探及深部探测中常作为一种"干扰"波,会影响地震资料的信噪比,需要将面波净化处理。为实现面波衰减,本文将工程物探方法和石油物探技术相结合,通过面波频散曲线反演获得高精度的近地表模型,在三维近地表横波速度模型基础上进行面波正演,利用面波模型自适应匹配相减的方法将其减去,在不伤及有效波的情况下将面波的影响降至最低,一定程度上避免了常规面波衰减方法伤及有效波、损失低频弱信息、导致资料有效频带变窄、对地震构造解释及反演造成负面影响等缺点。最后应用实际数据验证了本研究方法的有效性。     

考虑应力扩散时桩端土性对单桩沉降影响分析方法

基于虚土桩模型,分析了层状地基中桩端土性对单桩沉降特性的影响。首先,以虚土桩扩散角反映桩端土层应力扩散效应,将桩端一定锥角范围内由桩端至基岩面的土体视为虚土桩,并根据其变截面特性,将虚土桩沿纵向划分为有限个微元段。然后,对桩及虚土桩桩侧土体采用理想弹塑性荷载传递模型,利用荷载传递法,推导了层状地基中以桩侧土塑性发展深度为变量的单桩荷载-沉降递推计算方法,并进一步得到了桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力递推计算式。在此基础上,给出了荷载传递模型参数选取方法,并分析了虚土桩临界深度的影响因素及由实测荷载-沉降曲线反演虚土桩扩散角的可行性。最后,利用该方法分析了桩端沉渣和软弱下卧层对荷载-沉降曲线的影响。结果表明,考虑桩端土层应力扩散效应时,通过计算得到的桩顶及桩端荷载-沉降曲线与实测曲线吻合较好;当桩端存在沉渣或软弱下卧层时,采用虚土桩模型的单桩沉降计算方法可以在一定程度上反映沉渣特性及软弱下卧层埋深等因素对桩顶荷载-沉降曲线的影响。     

松花江哈尔滨江段水质净化作用研究

松花江水质污染严重,但其水质净化作用也很强,两者相互作用结果使哈尔滨江段上游断面江水基本符合地面二级水标准,下游断面基本符合地面三级水标准,把通过河底沉积物向漏斗渗透补给的江水中的污染质,大部分净化在含水层之外,对优质地下水起到了保护作用。     

X波段雷达图像反演风场光流方法的改进

风是一种重要的海洋环境动力学要素,海洋风场信息可以从X波段雷达海杂波图像中提取。本文从高阶次波的频散关系、贝叶斯方法和求解光流方程的全局平滑约束技术等方面对现有的X波段雷达反演风场的光流方法进行了改进,并利用实测数据对反演结果进行了验证。结果表明,改进方法反演的风向和风速较之原方法的反演结果都有了显著改善,与实测结果符合更好。此外,改进方法的反演结果能够很好地反映近岸风向和风速的整体变化趋势。     

快速探测采油区油水分布状态的新途径

提出了用ａ－ｒ联测法探测采油区油水分布的新设想，在采油区进行了首次试验，获得成功。介绍了判别油水分布的理论依据、方法技术和成果资料分析方法。     

Dispersion of seismic waves by a causal approach

Basic ideas of the causal approach to wave propagation in random media are first overviewed. This approach appeals from the outset to the linearity, causality, and passivity of the effective medium and is therefore particularly simple from the conceptual viewpoint. The energy analysis and the Kramers-Kronig relations play the major role in this method, which does not resort to ensemble averaging.Then the dispersion of plane wave propagation in randon media is evaluated by extending Wu's results on attenuation induced by scattering. These results are particularly suitable for seismic waves, for which the so-called mean-field approach may not provide adequate modeling. The presence of intrinsic losses is also incorporated. The analysis also includes the case of propagation of a small-amplitude discontinuity.     

多道瞬态瑞雷波勘探技术在岩土工程勘察中的应用

多道瞬态瑞雷波勘探技术是近几年来快速发展起来的高新技术，在岩土工程勘察中具有广阔的应用前景。本文介绍了多道瞬态瑞雷波勘探原理及技术方法。并通过工程实例的地质效果，说明了多道瞬态瑞雷波法应有用于岩土工程勘察的可行性与有效性。