TEM拟地震成像法在漠河地区探测永久冻土层的应用

利用瞬变电磁法（TEM）研究永久冻土层的分布规律,为中国东北天然气水合物远景调查的进一步研究提供依据。采用拟地震成像法反演瞬变电磁法野外数据,有效地划分出反射界面和电性层位,成功地推断出漠河地区永久冻土层的分布。反演结果表明,漠河SN（2）测线永久冻土发育良好,厚度较大,且具有一定的连续性,与直流电测深法揭示的结果相一致。     

小山水电站引水隧洞不良地质条件洞段施工及支护措施

松江河梯级电站小山水电站引水隧洞工程,属于Ⅳ类围岩洞段占洞长近一年,在施工中多次发生塌方,广大技术人员经过现场调查、分析,采用合理的施工方法和支护措施,终于按期全线贯通。本文简要介绍了小山引水隧洞在施工中的经验和教训,对进一步工作具有指导意义。     

燕山运动“绪动/A幕”的本意及其锆石 U-Pb年代学制约

"燕山运动"提出已有90余年。该概念从产生之日到现在一直存在着巨大争论。本文首先回顾了该概念的原始含义及其存在的逻辑问题。翁文灏将燕山运动分为三个阶段:"绪动"阶段、即A幕;火山幕、或称为中间幕;B幕。"绪动/A幕"的本意指上火山岩系下部砾岩与煤系地层之间的不整合事件。需强调翁文灏所谓的上火山岩系包括了主体的火山岩和火山岩之下的砾岩。这套砾岩在辽西为海房沟组、在北京西山为龙门—九龙山组。翁文灏认为砾岩产生于燕山运动的"绪动/A幕",但"绪动/A幕"与"火山幕"的关系翁文灏认为难以阐述清楚。翁文灏在提出燕山运动(Yenshan movement)之后、丁文江提出了燕山期运动(Yenshanian movement)的名词。后续的研究者多因循"燕山期运动"的思想,但在中文表述中几乎只使用"燕山运动"的文字表述,这造成了逻辑上理解的差异,二者显然是不同的概念范畴,需予以区分。理清原始概念之后,本文通过位于北京西山雁翅镇田村、淤白村附近的钻孔和探槽,揭露出北京西山九龙山组底部的一套厚约12m火山凝灰岩。凝灰岩之下发育一套砾径可达2m、碳酸岩质的砾岩,与其下寒武纪地层呈不整合接触,代表"绪动/A幕"的不整合面。凝灰岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测试揭示了154Ma和161Ma两期年龄,前者限定了九龙山组的底界年龄,后者可能代表了"绪动/A幕"发生的最早火山响应。最后本文依据不整合面穿时性特点指出位于龙门—九龙山组砾岩之下的不整合面在空间上应收敛于髫髻山组火山岩之下的不整合面。而龙门—九龙山组砾岩与髫髻山组火山岩具有同时异相的空间特征。     

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process in the Marine Strata in Jianghan Plain Area,Middle China

Marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area are widely distributed with a total depth of more than 8,000 m from the Upper Sinian to the Middle Triassic. Six reservoir caprock units, named Z–∈2, ∈2–O, S, D–C, P and T1, can be identified with each epoch. The geology, stratigraphy, drilling, oil testing and other basic data as well as the measured inclusion and strontium isotope data in the study area are used in the analysis of the formation and evolution process of marine petroliferous reservoirs in the Jianghan Plain area. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the further exploration of hydrocarbons in the Jianghan Plain and reduce the risks by analyzing the key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in the marine strata. Our findings show that in the Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the early period of the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir was destroyed in the middle–late period of the Early Yanshanian. In the Lower Triassic–Carboniferous hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir suffered destruction from the Late Yanshanian to the Early Himalayanian. The preservation conditions of the marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area have been improved since the Late Himalayanian. However, because all source beds have missed the oil/gas generation fastigium and lost the capacity to generate secondary hydrocarbon, no reaccumulation of hydrocarbons can be detected in the study area's marine strata. No industrially exploitable oil/gas reservoir has been discovered in the marine strata of Jianghan Plain area since exploration began in 1958. This study confirms that petroliferous reservoirs in the marine strata have been completely destroyed, and that poor preservation conditions are the primary factor leading to unsuccessful hydrocarbon exploration. It is safely concluded that hydrocarbon exploration in the marine strata of the study area is quite risky.     

The analysis and simulation of heat flow into underground airways

Summary The essential theory of time-variant radial heat conduction into an underground mine airway from the surrounding strata is developed. Additional artificial sources of heating and cooling are included in the analysis, and thermodynamic and psychrometric relations are used to track the variation of climatic parameters along the airway. A computer program CLIMSIM is described, which simulates these complex non-linear and interdependent relations, in order to predict variations in climatic conditions throughout sub-surface ventilation systems.     

测井曲线在含煤岩系的划分及对比中的应用——以贵州省盘县北部某井田为例

依据视电阻率、伽马—伽马、自然伽马和自然电位等测井曲线在不同岩性地层的响应特征,结合钻探成果和煤样化验资料,对贵州省盘县北部某井田含煤岩系进行综合对比。通过对多个钻孔测井资料分析,归纳出该区识别不同煤岩层的测井曲线特征及组合类型,确定了该区煤岩层对比的标志层位,据此对该区T1f/P3l地质界线进行了圈定,以及煤岩层对比与断层解释。     

内蒙古大青山地区孔兹岩系的地层结构

内蒙古大青山地区普遍发育由孔兹岩系、黑云角闪片麻岩系、麻粒岩系和侵位其中的变质深成岩构成的高级变质杂岩。由于多期强烈的变形变质作用，区内孔慈岩系的地层结构十分复杂。近几年的1：5万区调研究查明，孔慈岩系是以构造不整合覆盖在麻粒岩系之上的一套高级变质地层，主要由榴云片麻岩岩组、透辉片麻岩岩组、大理岩岩组组成。它们均遭受了早期下地壳麻粒岩相环境的近水平顺层韧性剪切变形和后期高角闪岩相条件的近南北和近东西向构造变形，分别导致孔慈岩系变质地层的“岩层缺失、隔层相触”、“犬牙交错、搀杂产出”特征，对这些变质地层早期结构的恢复发现，区内孔慈岩系各岩组之间均以近水平剪切界面接触，表现为由近水平剪切界面所围限的透镜状地层岩片堆垛而成的地层结构。     

前陆冲断带构造应力场与裂缝发育关系

针对前陆冲断带地层裂缝预测难的现状, 在选择适合于研究区破裂准则的基础上, 确立了造缝时期古地应力和现今地应力与裂缝参数之间的关系; 通过构造特征研究确定了造缝时期古地应力的性质和方向, 用断层和裂缝走向统计法、声速法、水力压裂法和声发射法计算了现今地应力的方向和大小; 将古、今地应力场的数值模拟结果代入到裂缝参数计算模型中, 计算出了乌夏前陆冲断带二叠系火山岩-沉积岩混杂地层裂缝的开度、密度、孔隙度和渗透率, 并分析了分布趋势。研究表明, 构造应力和岩性对裂缝发育起决定性作用, 构造应力差异大的地区容易产生裂缝, 且裂缝各项参数较大; 靠近主断层的构造高部位裂缝发育程度较高; 凝灰质和泥质含量越大, 粒度越细, 裂缝越发育。      

东北地区晚古生代海相地层属于大陆边缘沉积的确定

东北地区晚古生代海相地层围绕佳—蒙地块呈环带状分布。岩屑长石砂岩等非稳定型沉积发育,岩性横向变化较大,岩相不稳定,火山岩发育等说明其属于活动型沉积。从佳—蒙地块的核心到边缘缝合带可见有古陆—类陆表海—陆棚海—深海的较为明显岩相带变化。从环带状分布、活动型沉积和构造岩相带有规律分布等方面确定东北地区晚古生代海相地层属于佳—蒙地块的大陆边缘沉积。     

青东凹陷新生代垂向地层序列及展布特征

针对青东凹陷勘探程度较低、新生代地层发育特征尚不明晰的现状,从岩性、测井、地震、古生物化石等资料入手,结合区域地质背景,对凹陷新生代地层进行了构造层和岩石地层的多重划分,将其划分为古近系和新近系—第四系两个构造层,其中古近系构造层自下而上发育孔店组、沙四段、沙三段、沙二段,地层发育特征与东营凹陷相似,但垂向序列不完整,缺失沙一段和东营组。在此基础上结合钻井标定和地震剖面的解释,重点绘制了古近系四个构造亚层的残留地层等厚图,并对其展布特征进行了分析。结果表明,各构造亚层残留地层在厚度和展布方向上变化较大,且具有一定的规律性,体现了不同地质时期盆地沉积充填和构造演化的差异性。最后对青东凹陷缺失沙一段—东营组的可能原因进行了初步讨论,认为新生代地幔柱高点由渤海湾盆地南部迁移到渤海海域可能造成该地区在古近纪末期未接受沉积,而据垦东地区北部的物源在沙一—东营期来自南部也可推测该时期青东凹陷已抬升遭受剥蚀。