夏末华北低槽尾部雹云的生成环境和结构特征

利用常规观测资料、多普勒雷达和卫星探测及反演资料、区域自动站资料及NCEP再分析资料,分析了2009年8月27日冀中南地区的突发性强风雹天气过程。结果表明,扩散南下的弱冷空气对强对流起触发作用,地面辐合线进一步促进了对流发展。雹云发展于上干下湿的环境场中,凝结潜热释放可能为雹云迅速发展提供了能量,中等偏强的深层垂直风切变为雹云的发展和维持提供了有利的动力条件。但08:00湿层低而浅薄、0℃层高度偏高(高于历史出雹的平均高度)和云顶亮温相对高等特征增加了预报难度,而相对高的云光学厚度可为午后强对流发展提供短临预报信息。雹云在雷达反射率产品上表现为线状排列的"超级单体族"特征,向东传播的多单体风暴使强风雹天气得以持续。     

Influence of Clouds on UV Irradiance at Ground Level and Backscattered Exittance

The influence of various cloud parameters and the interactions with the ground albedo and the solar zenith angle have been studied by means of model simulations. The radiative transfer model suitable for a cloudy atmosphere as well as for a clear atmosphere has been developed on the basis of the Discrete Ordinate Method. This study leads to a general understanding for cloudy atmospheres: in the presence of a uniform cloud, the cloud scattering is dominant to molecular and aerosol scattering, and it is also wavelength-independent; the ratio of transmitted irradiance in a cloudy atmosphere to that in the background clear atmosphere is independent of cloud height and solar zenith angle. That’s to say, the radiation downwelling out of a cloud is quite isotropic; it decreases approximately exponentially with the cloud optical depth at a rate related to the ground albedo; the reflected irradiance at the top of the atmosphere is dependent on cloud optical depth as well as on solar zenith angle, but not on ground albedo for clouds of not very thin optical depth.     

利用静止卫星云图进行二维傅里叶相位导风试验

根据二维傅里叶相位分析原理,对1 min间隔的IR云图进行由云推导风的反演。利用模块高度频数直方图把云分为高、中、低云。对连续三幅IR云图进行二维傅里叶相位导风计算,得到两个反演风场,对两个风场相同位置上的风矢进行逐点比较,剔除风向或风速差别较大的风矢,再对处理后的风场进行高度调整法的质量控制,把不合理的风矢剔除或调整到合理的高度层,得到连续性较好的风场。     

云降水物理和人工影响天气研究进展和思考

云降水物理和人工影响天气密不可分,云降水物理为人工影响天气提供理论基础,人工影响天气是云降水物理一个重要应用领域.目前我国人工影响天气规模、经费投入已达世界之最,人工影响天气工程正在建设之中.论文简要回顾了我国云物理研究和人工影响天气的发展过程,评述研究工作取得的进展,思考我国人工影响天气在新形势下进一步的发展的问题,显得尤为重要.几十年来,我国开展了一系列云雾降水的外场观测研究和人工影响天气的外场试验研究,云和降水物理以及人工影响天气的理论和技术研究不断取得进展,数值云模式和中尺度模式的模拟研究水平有了长足的进步,在云和降水物理过程和降水机制研究、云的微物理结构、云水资源和人工增雨潜力评估、催化条件预测、催化剂和催化技术等方面取得了显著进展.论文最后指出,目前的人工影响天气需要加强人工影响天气核心技术研究,并提出了需要进一步研究的云和降水物理中的有关科学问题.     

西北地区不同类型云的时空分布及其与降水的关系

利用1983年7月～2001年9月国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP D2的月平均资料,对西北不同区域不同类型云的云量和云水路径的时空分布及其与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明：高原气候区是各种云出现最多的地区,特别是积状云的云量明显高于其他两区,但这些云的云水路径值低;西北地区大多数云云量的高值区出现在天山山区、北疆地区、陕西东南部和青藏高原的部分地区。高云和部分中云云量空间分布特征与降水有着较好的一致性：沿着天山—昆仑山—祁连山一带以及陕南和／或陇南地区是高值区,低值区在塔里木盆地—内蒙古西部戈壁沙漠—黄土高原西北部一带;绝大多数云类春夏季节云量维持较高,秋冬季节云量较少。云水路径值较大的层状云类的云量多寡与降水多寡相一致;积状云类和层积云类云量多少与降水没有一定的关系,在降水偏少时,这类云的云量大多与降水正常时相近,有些云的云量甚至比降水偏多时还要多。     

On the linkage between changes in cloud cover and precipitation extremes over Central India

In this study, linkage between changing characteristics of precipitation extremes and cloud covers over Central India is explored during summer monsoon period using Satellite data (1998–2015). This is a first attempt to relate the changes in cloud cover to the changes in precipitation extremes. Non-rainy cirrus clouds are excluded from this study. Results show that heavy rainfall (≥ 60 mm/day) is associated with cold cloud tops (Tb≤220 K) while moderate rainfall (<60 mm/day and ≥20 mm) occurs mostly with middle clouds (Tb>220 K and ≤245 K). Low level clouds (Tb> 245 K) are responsible for light rainfall (<20 mm/day). Increases in top 20%, 10%, 5% and 1% heavy precipitation relate well with the increases in very deep convective, deep convective and convective cloud cover. Among these relations, increase in top 5% heavy precipitation relates best with increase in very deep convective cloud cover. Decrease in bottom 30% low precipitation relates with decrease in low level cloud cover. The results reported in this study fit into the framework of how weather extremes respond to climate change.     

Analysis of microsecond- and submicrosecond-scale electric field pulses produced by cloud and ground lightning discharges

We examined microsecond- and submicrosecond-scale pulses in electric field records of cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges acquired in summer 2006, in Gainesville, Florida. A total of 12 cloud and 12 ground flashes were analyzed in detail, with the electric field record length being 96 or 200 ms and sampling interval being 4 or 10 ns. The majority of pulses in both cloud and ground discharges analyzed in this study were associated with the initial breakdown process and were relatively small in amplitude and duration. The typical durations were an order of magnitude smaller than tens of microseconds characteristic of “classical” preliminary breakdown pulses. We estimated that 26% of the pulses in the 12 cloud discharges and 22% of the pulses in the 12 cloud-to-ground discharges had total durations less that 1 µs.     

北京地区地基辐射计与卫星云特性参数对比研究

利用2019年MODIS卫星数据、葵花-8卫星数据和天空辐射计观测数据分析北京城区云光学特性的时空分布特征。结果表明,北京地区的云光学厚度(Cloud optical depth,COD)和云滴有效半径(Cloud drop effective radius,CER)呈现明显的季节变化特征。北京地区COD主要分布特征为南部地区较高而北部地区较低,且夏季COD值明显高于其他季节,最高值为20左右。CER在春季和夏季呈现相反的区域分布特征,春季北京地区南低北高,夏季北京地区南高北低,而秋冬季CER明显低于春夏两季。通过将天空辐射计观测数据与卫星观测结果对比分析发现二者在COD方面一致性较高, r分别为0.69和0.66,MODIS对于CER数据的一致性较差,r值为0.053而葵花-8一致性较好r值为0.53。     

CO2浓度增加背景下季风区大气辐射加热响应的差异

大气CO2浓度增加,大气辐射平衡调整,将影响到大气的辐射加热,对季风环流的产生影响.CMIP6结果显示,大气CO2浓度增加,可减弱季风区主雨季对流层高,低层的辐射加热,加强对流层中层的辐射加热.各季风区加热响应的峰值层次不同:亚洲季风区平均层次最高(500-775 hPa),北非,南美,澳洲季风区次之(550-600 ...     

晴空与有云大气辐射分布的数值模拟及其对全天空图像云识别的应用

全天空图像自动云识别的研究相对来说是一项较新的研究领域。当前国际上较为通用的全天空图像云识别方法主要依靠图像蓝红灰度值对比的阈值方法进行判断。然而非洁净大气中气溶胶的增多给云识别增加了难度,同时太阳高度角不同天空色度分布情况也不同。文中利用Libradtran辐射传输模式,计算了不同能见度不同太阳高度角情况下3个典型波长(450,550,650nm;蓝/绿/红)无云及有云大气的天空辐亮度分布情况,并进行了比较分析。结果表明,相同太阳高度角情况下,无云及有云大气中蓝红比值随能见度的下降呈单调下降趋势。在特定的云光学厚度和能见度情况下,天空色度彼此呈现出类似的分布状况。全天空图像阈值判断云识别自适应算法的建立需要与太阳高度角、地面能见度联系起来。当前尚无法建立一个判断阈值随太阳高度角以及能见度变化的函数关系式。较为可行的办法是建立典型能见度、典型太阳高度角情况下的辐射信息库,在具体云识别时,首先确定太阳高度角,而后根据天空辐射比情况确定天空能见度,并利用辐射信息标准库做云或非云判别。该工作为全天空云识别算法提供判别依据,同时建立云识别随能见度和太阳高度角变化的判别信息库。