Long-term evolution of Oort Cloud comets: methods and comparisons

Two long-term simulation methods for cometary orbits, a Monte Carlo method and a direct integration method, are compared with each other. The comparison is done in seven inclination and perihelion distance intervals, and shows differences in dynamical lifetime and capture probabilities for the following main reasons. We use a finite energy step approximation in the Monte Carlo method and the method considers only close approaches with the planets. The differences can be taken into account statistically and it is possible to calculate the correction factors for the capture probability and dynamical lifetime in the Monte Carlo method. Both corrections depend on the inclination and on the value of the minimum energy step. The capture probabilities of the short-period comets originating in the Oort Cloud are calculated by the corrected Monte Carlo method and compared with published results.     

中国西部云和积雪的多通道特征和识别

由于云与雪具有类似的辐射特性——高反射率与低亮度温度,利用目前的业务气象卫星扫描辐射计资料,用客观方法识别单个像素所对应的是雪还是云仍是一个十分困难的问题。本文利用NOAA-9和NOAA-11日间所有5个通道的AVHRR资料,分析了中国的西部——青藏高原及戈壁、沙漠等地区云和地表雪的多通道辐射特征,并采用多阈值法,结合实例进行了云、雪及背景地表的识别分类试验。分析结果表明,AVHRR第3通道的测量值经过适当处理后对识别云和地表积雪是十分有意义的。     

Mass-Stripping Analysis of an Interstellar Cloud by a Supernova Shock

The interaction of supernova shocks and interstellar clouds is an important astrophysical phenomenon since it can result in stellar and planetary formation. Our experiments attempt to simulate this mass-loading as it occurs when a shock passes through interstellar clouds. We drive a strong shock using the Omega laser (∼5kJ)into a foam-filled cylinder with an embedded Al sphere(diameterD=120 μm) simulating an interstellar cloud. The density ratio between Al and foamis∼9. We have previously reported on the interaction between shock and cloud, the ensuing Kelvin-Helmholtz and Widnall instabilities, and the rapid stripping of all mass from the cloud. We now present a theory that explains the rapid mass-stripping. The theory combines (1) the integral momentum equations for a viscous boundary layer, (2) the equations for a potential flow past a sphere, (3) Spalding's law of the wall for turbulent boundary layers, and (4) the skin friction coefficient for a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. The theory gives as its final result the mass stripped from a sphere in a turbulent high Reynolds number flow, and it agrees very well with our experimental observations.     

一个用于催化剂成冰性能检测的新型等温云室

云雾物理实验是我国大气科学研究需要加强的一个方面, 文中介绍了中国气象科学研究院新建用于人工冰核催化剂成冰性能研究的1 m3等温云室。阐述了该云室主要结构组成、 性能特点、 附属设备和实验程序, 以及所开展的催化剂成冰效率的初步检测研究。实验结果表明, 该云室在原建系列云室基础上, 对制冷及保温性能有很大的改进和优化, 更适合催化剂成冰性能检测和研究, 为今后我国开展云雾、 降水微物理实验研究和提高人工影响天气催化技术水平提供了一个有用的综合研究平台。     

一次冰雹天气强对流(雹)云演变及超级单体结构的个例模拟研究

利用WRF中尺度数值模式,模拟了2005年5月31日发生在北京的冰雹强对流过程,成功地再现了冰雹天气发展过程中起重要作用的冷涡底部的小槽、低层暖湿舌、地形辐合线等中尺度系统;模拟的地面降水、强对流(雹)云移动路径与实况基本符合;模拟的一个长生命史强对流(雹)云的演变及单体结构与北京多普勒雷达观测的沿城市中轴线的雹云相似,具有超级单体概念模型给出回波墙-有界弱同波区(穹窿)-悬挂回波结构、对峙的倾斜上升下沉气流、分裂右移发展等特征.基于数值模拟结果,结合雷达观测,重点分析了这块雹云的演变过程,解剖了超级单体三维动力、热力及回波结构.     

New orbits for comets C/1843 J1 (Mauvais) and C/1853 W1 (van Arsdale)

New orbits for comet C/1843 J1 (Mauvais) and comet C/1853 W1 (van Arsdale) are calculated. Both orbits are hyperbolic, with e = 1.001145 and semi‐major axis a = –1412.18 AU for Mauvais and e = 1.000700 and a = –2919.24 AU for van Arsdale. Integrating the orbits backwards indicate that both comets were born in the far Oort cloud. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

平流层臭氧的温室效应及其气候影响

本文阐述大气中重要的“痕量气体”之一——臭氧(平流层臭氧)对地球表面和低层大气的温室效应及其全球气候的反馈影响;指出了云的辐射力的概念及其重要性,并讨论了“南极臭氧洞”现象。     

5、6月份西南低涡云系的云滴特征

本文根据飞机探测的云物理资料,分析西南低涡云系的云滴特征,并与切变云系的微结构特征作了对比分析。指出:西南涡云系和切变云系的平均谱都是单峰谱,两者的差异不大。两类系统自身的强、弱云系之间,在谱宽、平均滴直径、滴浓度及其分布等方面都存在明显的差别。     

气溶胶对雷暴云微物理过程和起电影响的数值模拟

将云滴冻结方案植入已有的二维雷暴云起、放电模式,结合一次山地雷暴个例,探讨了气溶胶浓度对雷暴云微物理过程、起电以及空间电荷结构的影响。结果表明:气溶胶浓度增加,云滴数目增多,尺度降低,雨滴含量减少;云滴冻结导致冰晶在低温区快速生长,冰晶数浓度增加,尺度减小,当气溶胶浓度高于1000 cm-3后小冰晶难以增长成大尺度的霰粒子,因此霰粒子数浓度先增加后急剧减少。此外,气溶胶浓度的大小不会影响雷暴云的电荷结构特征,但会对云内的起电强度产生明显的作用:当气溶胶浓度较低时,增加气溶胶浓度,更多的冰晶和霰粒子发生碰撞使得云内起电过程增强,空间电荷密度增加;当气溶胶浓度高于1000 cm-3后,少量的霰粒子和小冰晶的出现抑制了非感应起电过程,导致电荷密度降低。