1998年8月台湾海峡温度和叶绿素a含量的垂直分布特征

根据1998年8月台湾海峡温度、盐度、叶绿素a的观测结果，讨论了调查期间叶绿素a的垂直分布特征，结果表明，夏季台湾海峡西部海域存在明显的上升流，较高的叶绿素a含量均位于低温高盐的涌升水中，叶绿素a最大值出现存在上升流区边缘、温跃层附近，台湾海峡东部海域由高温、低盐、低营养盐水占据，叶绿素a含量明显较海峡西部海域低。     

棉花各生育期高光谱数据与叶片生物物理生物化学量的相关分析

利用高光谱非成像光谱 (辐射 )仪对北疆棉花 4个生育期 (蕾期、花期、铃期、吐絮期 )的叶片及冠层进行了5°FOV室内、野外 ,2 5°FOV野外高光谱遥感测定 ,试验表明北疆棉花具有绿色植物所特有的反射光谱曲线特征。本文分析了棉花在不同生育期特征光谱变化规律以及棉花叶面积指数 (LAI)与叶绿素 (CH .D)含量、叶片全氮 (TN)含量在整个生育期的变化规律和它们之间的关系 ,应用光谱一阶微分分析技术 ,清晰地描述棉花“红边”变化趋势的特征。通过监测作物生育期内的光谱变化 ,研究作物的反射光谱与叶面积指数 (LAI)、叶绿素密度 (CH .D)等农学参数之间的关系 ,使人们能够定性描述和定量分析作物的生长与遥感光谱数据之间的关系 ,促进高光谱分辨率遥感技术在作物的生长监测和产量估测中的应用。     

Experimental calibration of lake-sediment spectral reflectance to chlorophyll a concentrations: methodology and paleolimnological validation

Chlorophyll a preserved in lake sediments reflects, in part, past primary production. This study assesses the spectral properties of sedimentary chlorophyll a using visible-near infrared reflectance (VNIR) spectroscopy, with the objective of establishing a new, non-destructive paleolimnological proxy. Reflectance spectra were determined from a dilution series (n = 10) involving incremental additions of pulverized modern algae to a lake sediment matrix of low organic content. This enabled an assessment of the development of sediment reflectance spectra in relation to different sediment chlorophyll a concentrations, and subsequent regression of spectral features against measured concentrations of chlorophyll a and derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experiment demonstrates that ubiquitous troughs in sediment reflectance near 675 nm are attributable to chlorophyll a and derivative compounds. A significant correlation (r ² = 0.98, P < 0.01) was obtained between the area of the reflectance trough in the 650–700 nm interval and summed concentrations of chlorophyll a, all derivative isomers, and degradational pheopigments. A simple linear inference model derived from this experiment was applied to a down-core sequence of VNIR spectra from a productive prairie lake (Alberta, Canada), where it produced inferred sediment chlorophyll a concentrations in concordance with HPLC measurements. Although a larger training set is desirable to further refine the inference model, the analyses reported here demonstrate that reflectance spectroscopy provides a rapid, semi-quantitative method for assessing the chlorophyll a content of lake sediments.     

Leaf biochemical parameters in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh as potential biomarkers of heavy metal stress in estuarine ecosystems

Sediment loadings and leaf accumulation of the heavy metals copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) with accompanying changes in leaf chlorophylls' (a + b), carotenoids and the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase were examined in the grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh, in order to determine the applicability of these parameters as biomarkers of heavy metal stress under field conditions. Copper was found to show limited accumulation to leaf tissue, following a linear relationship at lower sediment concentrations, with saturation at higher sediment Cu concentrations. Copper accumulation relationships to leaf tissue were maintained temporally, and increases in sediment Cu, salinity, and decreases in sediment pH and Zn contributed to the accumulation of Cu to leaf tissue. Lead showed a significant relationship between sediment and leaf Pb levels, but accumulation was minimal. Accumulation relationships for Pb were not maintained temporally, and high sediment Pb, low pH and organic content increased bioavailability and accumulation of Pb. Zinc was the most mobile of all metals and was accumulated to the greatest quantities in leaf tissue in a dose-dependant relationship. Some temporal variation in Zn accumulation occurred, and higher sediment pH, organic content Zn and Pb promoted leaf Zn accumulation. Leaf Cu and Zn showed the strongest relationship with peroxidase activity and to a lesser degree Pb. Zinc was the only accumulated metal to show relationship maintenance with peroxidase activity over time. It was found that peroxidase activity best reflects the total phytotoxic effect from the combined metal stress of all three accumulated leaf metals. The only significant photopigment relationship evidenced was that of leaf Zn with the chlorophyll a/b ratio, but was not maintained temporally. Peroxidase activity may be an appropriate biomarker for Zn or total metal accumulation in leaf tissue, and the chlorophyll a/b ratio a suitable biomarker of Zn accumulation though requires temporal monitoring under field conditions.     

应用TM数据估算沿岸海水表层时绿素浓度模型研究

本研究以大亚湾为实验区，以陆地卫星ＴＭ数据为信息源，结合表层海水叶绿素浓度实测资料建立模型。在对叶绿素光谱特征及遥感估算叶绿素浓度机理研究基础上，选取了ＴＭＩ—ＴＭ４波段的７５种波段组合为子因素，以叶绿素浓度为母因素，利用灰色系统理论，分析各波段组合与叶绿素浓度之间的关联度。将关联度最大的５种波段组合分别建模，得到５个估算表层海水叶绿素浓度的反演模型。误差分析表明，各模型的最大相对误差在１９％以下，平均绝对相对误差在１１．２％以下，相对标准误差在６．７％以下，模型精度较高。研究表明：（ＴＭ３×ＴＭ４）是估算沿岸海水表层叶绿素浓度的最佳波段组合，采用（ＴＭ３×ＴＭ４）与ＴＭ１、ＴＭ２或ｌｎ（ＴＭ十ＴＭ２）、Ｉｎ（ＴＭ１×ＴＭ２）之比值并不能改善估算精度。     

Spectral reflectance measurements of estuarine waters

Shapes and variations of reflectance spectra in estuarine water were investigated for the purpose of monitoring chlorophyll in situ by optical means. A survey undertaken in an estuarine environment, using reflectance measurements between 400 and 850 nm with a full-width half maximum (FWHM) of about 2 nm, revealed that the first derivative in the neighbourhood of the chlorophyll absorption band shows a defined spectral region which can be used to estimate chlorophyll concentrations. Correlation between chlorophyll and the first derivative was found to be low, but a good relationship exists between the ratio of the reflectance R680/R670 and chlorophyll concentrations. Based on dissolved organic carbon measurements, it is assumed that chromophoric dissolved organic compounds mask the absorption band of chlorophyll in the blue part of the spectrum, resulting in a low correlation coefficient in that spectral range. Therefore, the use of the red bands is an alternative for measuring photosynthetic pigments in coastal water at longer wavelengths. Results presented here demonstrate that the spectral locations of bands in the visible are not adequate and that hyperspectral data are required for positioning the very narrow bands for measuring chlorophyll at longer wavelengths.     

Changes in the yield of chlorophyll a from dissolved available inorganic nitrogen after an enrichment event—applications for predicting eutrophication in coastal waters

An understanding of the dynamic relationship between nitrogen supply and the formation of phytoplankton biomass is important in predicting and avoiding marine eutrophication. This relationship can be expressed as the short-term yield q of chlorophyll from dissolved available inorganic nitrogen (DAIN), the sum of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium. This paper communicates the results of a continuous culture nitrate enrichment experiment undertaken to investigate the cumulative yield of chlorophyll from DAIN (q). The purposes of the study were: to acquire a better understanding of the relationship between chlorophyll formation and DAIN; to obtain values that could be used in models for predicting eutrophication. The results of a time series experiment carried out using microplankton (all organisms <200 μm in size) indicate that the parameter q does not have a single value but is affected by the ecophysiological response of phytoplankton to changing nutrient status after an enrichment event. It is also dependent on changes in the allocation of nitrogen between autotrophs and heterotrophs. The value of yield obtained at the height of the bloom can be represented by q (max) (2.35 μg chl (μmol N)⁻¹). The post-bloom, steady state value of q can be represented by q_eq (0.95 μg chl (μmol N)⁻¹). The microcosm steady state yield was not significantly different from the median value obtained from synoptic studies of Scottish west coast waters. It is proposed that q_eq is the most appropriate value for assessing the general potential for eutrophication resulting from continuous nutrient enrichment into coastal waters. It is further proposed that q (max) be used for cases of sporadic enrichment and where a short burst of unrestricted growth may be detrimental.     

Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni

This in situ study used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc on the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Custom-made portable in situ exposure (PIE) chambers were developed so seagrasses could be dosed within the meadow. Z. capricorni was exposed to 0.1 and 1 mg l⁻¹ of metal solutions for 10 h. During this time and for the subsequent four-day recovery period, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) (ΔF/Fm^′) was measured. While the results were variable, copper and zinc exposed samples had a depressed ΔF/Fm^′ during the exposure period. Samples exposed to zinc recovered to pre-exposure levels but those exposed to copper did not. Cadmium and lead did not impact on the chlorophyll a fluorescence and the chlorophyll pigment data supported these findings. This study presents an innovative new application of chlorophyll a fluorescence stress assessment.     

用MODIS卫星数据来分析格陵兰海叶绿素和气溶胶光学厚度之间的关系

主要利用卫星数据MODIS Aqua研究在北极格陵兰海(10°W-10°E,70°N-85°N)2003-2009年间叶绿素a(Chl a)与气溶胶厚度(AOD)的分布以及它们之间的耦合关系.研究发现,Chl a和AOD在一定的区域里有着带有滞后期的耦合关系.同时通过统计软件EVieWS的滞后回归分析发现,Chl a滞...     

北部湾海域叶绿素a质量浓度时空分布研究

叶绿素a质量浓度是水体富营养化的重要指标,及时和有效地对水体叶绿素a质量浓度进行监测和评价,对环境保护十分必要。本文基于2011年至2016年的卫星遥感数据,分析了北部湾海表叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征。研究结果表明:北部湾叶绿素a质量浓度有明显的月变化和季节性变化,北部湾叶绿素a月平均质量浓度在8月和1月分别达到峰值,北部湾冬季与夏季的叶绿素a季平均质量浓度高于春季和秋季,夏季北部湾海域表层的叶绿素a质量浓度开始迅速升高,秋季北部湾中南部叶绿素a质量浓度呈下降的趋势。在空间分布上,北部湾近岸海域叶绿素a质量浓度平均水平较高,叶绿素a质量浓度高值区集中在湾北部雷州半岛西部沿岸的浅水区海域,而低值区在湾中部以及湾南部的深水区海域。