Geochemical characteristics of stream sediments from an urban-volcanic zone,Central Mexico: Natural and man-made inputs

Geochemical characteristics of stream sediments [n = 31; Upstream section: Zahuapan River (1–12) and Atoyac River (13–20); Downstream section (21–31)] from Atoyac River basin of Central Mexico have been evaluated. The study focuses on the textural, petrography and chemical composition of the fluvial sediments with the aim of analyzing their provenance, the chemical weathering signature and their potential environmental effects. The fluvial sediments are mostly composed of sand and silt sized particles dominated by plagioclase, pyroxenes, amphiboles, K-feldspar, biotite, opaque and quartz. The sediments were analyzed for determination of major (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Si, Ti), trace elements (As, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sc, V, Y, Zn, Zr, Ga) and compared with Upper continental crust (UCC), source area composition and local background values. The elemental concentrations were comparable with the average andesite and dacitic composition of the source area and the local background values except for enrichment of Cu (56.27 ppm), Pb (34 ppm) and Zn (235.64 ppm) in the downstream sediments suggesting a significant external influence (anthropogenic). The fluvial sediments of Atoyac River basin display low CIA and PIA values implying predominantly weak to moderate weathering conditions in the source region. Based on the provenance discrimination diagrams and elemental ratios, it is understood that the collected sediments are derived from intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks dominated in the study region. Metal contamination indices highlight the enrichment of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo, Cr and S clearly indicating the influences from natural (weathering and volcanic activity) and external (anthropogenic) sources. Ecological risk assessment results indicate that Cr, Ni and Zn will cause adverse biological effects to the riverine environment.     

黑龙江省拜泉地区典型黑土剖面元素地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

地表中元素的地球化学行为与自然环境密切相关,土壤中元素分布的变化记录了其形成时的环境特征.以拜泉地区典型黑土剖面为对象,对其常量、微量元素的分布规律及其蕴含的环境信息进行研究,探讨了研究区土壤剖面风化程度及剖面形成过程中气候演化特征.结果表明,拜泉土壤剖面常量元素含量除SiO2和Na2O外,总体上高于东北平原平均值;化学蚀变指数（CIA）平均值为58,硅铝铁率（Saf）值较高,属于弱风化强度.植物生长所必需的微量元素N、P、S、Mn、B、I、Ge、Se和Mo等在温暖气候条件下,在表层和淀积层积累,含量较高,在淋溶层和母质层含量较低;寒冷干燥条件下,在表层积累.金属微量元素与Fe元素具有较强的相关性,说明其垂向组分不仅受气候条件控制,同时受常量元素控制.常量元素迁移规律表明,剖面腐殖层土壤成熟度高,成土过程中以温暖湿润气候为主;淀积层可能处于脱Na、Ca阶段,成土过程中气候相对寒冷干燥.     

Petrography,mineralogy and geochemistry of Cretaceous sediment samples from western Khorat Plateau,Thailand, and considerations on their provenance

At Mo Hin Khao on the western flank of Khorat Plateau, Thailand, the Phra Wihan Formation reveals litharenite and sublitharenite with some subarkose and arkose. A cuesta in the eroded sedimentary sequence exhibits spectacular rock pillars of considerable geotourist potential. The rock sequence is high in silica (SiO₂ 67–98 wt%) and contains quartz, mica, magnetite, chert fragments and accessory minerals such as zircon and tourmaline and amphibole species. These accessory minerals suggest felsic rocks, such as granite, granodiorite and pegmatite, were sources for the sandstones. Geochemical analyses of the sedimentary sequence suggest that source rocks may lie in the passive continental margin, before sediment transport and deposition in the Khorat Basin by rivers flowing across a large flood plain. Many depositional sequences/episodes formed thick beds of cross bedded clastic rocks. A high average maturity index (>5) indicates sedimentary reworking/recycling. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values range from 47 to 98, suggesting variable chemical weathering within the source area rocks, largely representing moderate to high degrees of weathering. The average CIA value of these sediments (78) suggests that relatively extreme alteration factors were involved.     

Mineralogical and microfabric characteristics of magnetite in the Wuyang Precambrian BIFs,southern North China Craton: Implications for genesis and depositional processes of the associated BIFs

Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIFs) are widely distributed in the North China Craton (NCC). Among them, the Wuyang BIFs located in the southern margin of NCC occur in the Late Archaean Tieshanmiao Formation and can be subdivided in two different sub-types: (i) quartz–magnetite BIFs (QMB), consisting of magnetite, fine-microcrystalline quartz and minor calcite and (ii) pyroxene–magnetite BIFs (PMB), composed of pyroxene, fine-microcrystalline quartz and subordinate feldspars. Both sub-types display apparent discrepancies in terms of petrography and mineral composition.As shown in Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD) images and micrographs, magnetite grains from the QMB range in size from tens up to hundreds of μm, whereas magnetite crystals from the PMB can be up to a few tens of μm across. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) structural data indicate that magnetite from both BIF sub-types is equiaxed (cubic) and was generated by sedimentary metamorphic processes. The cell parameters of magnetite in the QMB are a = b = c = 8.396 Å and Z = 8, which deviate slightly from these of magnetite in the PMB: a = b = c = 8.394 Å and Z = 8. The analytical results of Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed micro-structural signatures of both magnetite (Raman shifts near 552 cm⁻¹ and 673 cm⁻¹) and hematite (Raman shifts near 227 cm⁻¹, 295 cm⁻¹ and 413 cm⁻¹). In magnetite from both QMB and PMB, the crystallinity degree is similar for magnetite micro-structures but varies significantly for hematite micro-structures. Oxygen fugacity (fO₂) conditions fluctuated during the recrystallization of magnetite in the QMB, whereas no evident variation of fO₂ occurred during the formation of magnetite in the PMB. Analytical results of laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) show that the Si, Al and Mg abundances are higher in magnetite from the QMB, whereas the Ti and Mn contents are more elevated in magnetite from the PMB. Magnetite composition also denotes that both BIF sub-types are sedimentary-metamorphic origin, whereas the deposition of PMB was also affected by volcanic activities. Overall data indicate that the differences in the depositional environment of each BIF sub-type are due to the involvement of volcanic eruption processes in the genesis of the PMB. Thus, this paper indicated that the QMB was deposited by chemical deposition at the long-term interval of volcanic eruptions, and the PMB were the product of chemical deposition affected by the volcanic eruption.     

矽卡岩锡矿石中锡的赋存状态与锡物相

锡矿物约有六十种,含锡矿物约有二十种。胶态锡是化学物相的概念,是指能溶于１∶３的硫酸中的各类矿物中的锡。它不是某一矿物物相。木锡石、胶状锡石均为锡石的一种,水锡石则是研究得不很清楚的一种矿物。硅酸盐矿物和磁铁矿中都存在类质同象态锡。根据锡矿物和含锡矿物的特性,将矽卡岩锡矿石中的锡分成氧化物相、硫化物相、水锡石相、硅酸锡相四个化学物相,它们各有相对应的矿物,新的化学物相方法利于指导选冶生产。     

东海周边中小型河流沉积物锶钕铅同位素组成及其物源示踪意义

通过对东海周边9条中小型河流沉积物进行锶钕铅(Sr-Nd-Pb)同位素测试,分析了其组成特征及其物源指示意义。结果表明,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr、~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd、~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb平均值分别为0.719 056、0.512 056和18.614 94。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成主要受地质背景和风化作用的制约,空间变化规律明显,可作为区分不同来源河流沉积物的有效指标。统计结果确立出三个端元值,分别为台湾岛东部河流(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr-0.713 355,ε_(Nd)--8.488)、台湾西部河流(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr-0.718 804,ε_(Nd)--12.375 7)和大陆东南部河流(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr-0.722 195,ε_(Nd)--11.944 4)。确立这些端元可为认识中国东部陆架区沉积物"源-汇"过程及陆海相互作用提供科学依据。     

Geochemistry and provenance of a multiple-stage fan in the Upper Miocene to the Pliocene in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins,offshore South China Sea

The Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins in the northwestern South China Sea preserve a large volume of Cenozoic sediments. However, their sources are still remain controversial and need a further research. This paper uses discriminant diagrams and bivariate plots of major, trace and rare earth elements, combined with heavy mineral data and detrital zircon U-Pb ages to determine the provenance, source area weathering and tectonic setting of the Upper Miocene to Pliocene sediments in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, offshore South China Sea. The sandstone samples used in this study are characterized by four features: (i) The studied sandstones are first-cycle deposits, no recycling processes are recorded in these sediments, and there is a low degree of weathering conditions in the source areas. (ii) The sandstones from the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System may have a similar source, being derived from an old upper continental crust mainly composed of felsic igneous source rocks. (iii) Detrital zircon U-Pb ages suggest that Central Vietnam is likely to be the dominant source of the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System. (iv) The tectonic setting of the sandstones in the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System belongs to the continental island arc (CIA) or the active continental margin (ACM) fields.     

具产电性能光合细菌DH-3的分离及其对多种底物污水处理能力的评价

本文通过传统微生物分离培养方法从富营养化环境中分离培养出可高效处理多种底物的污水并具备胞外电子传递能力和产电潜力的兼性厌氧光合细菌。在光照培养条件下,利用改良的能够将光合细菌富集/分离的培养基分离培养光合细菌,从形态学和16S rDNA的分子生物学角度鉴定菌株。运用多个指标检测光合细菌处理不同底物的污水培养基的能力,如化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,COD）、总氮（total nitrogen,TN）、总磷（total phosphate,TP）,并在电化学工作站检测光合细菌的产电能力。结果表明,获取的光合细菌菌株DH-3与光合细菌类球红细菌（Rhodobacter sphaeroides）有97%的相似性。该菌株拥有在多种底物的污水培养基中生长的能力,其中在以乙酸为底物的培养基中生长最好。通过检测发现该菌株对污水的COD、TN和TP均具有较高的去除率。电化学工作站检测结果表明,菌株DH-3的最大产电流量能达到7.5mA/m²,最大功率密度达到0.056W/m²。由此可见,光合细菌DH-3在污水处理及资源再循环利用等方面具有十分重要的应用潜力。     

长江流域颗粒态金属元素的分布及其主要影响因素

为了解三峡工程建成后长江流域颗粒物的风化状况及颗粒态重金属的变化规律和污染程度,于2009年8—10月对长江干流及主要南、北支流悬浮颗粒进行采样调查。本文采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对颗粒态常量金属(Al、Ca、Fe、K、Na)及重金属(Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni、V)进行测定。利用化学风化指数(CIA)估算长江流域颗粒物的风化程度,结果表明:长江干流的化学风化指数在62~75之间,风化程度下游高于上游,气温、岩石类型及地势是主要的影响因素。长江流域南、北支流颗粒物CIA平均值分别为71和66,主要受岩石类型和南北气候影响,与三峡工程前相比CIA值无明显变化。利用富集因子(EF)估算长江流域颗粒态重金属污染程度,结果表明:总体长江干流及北岸支流污染较轻,仅Cu、Zn处于中等程度富集。南岸支流湘江、螳螂川颗粒态Cu、Zn显著污染,主要受采矿及人为排污的影响。采用因子分析对干流上、下游颗粒态金属的组成进行来源分析,提取了三个因子,结果表明主要受自然来源影响,同时也受到人类活动(大坝拦截、排污)及化学风化影响。     

中国沿海经济海藻化学成份的测定

于１９８８－１９９０年在中国沿海十几个省区采集大型经济海藻样品６０余种，应用高压液相色谱、电感耦合等离子体（ＩＣＰ）－米光栅摄谱仪等分析手段，全面系统地测定其化学成份。结果表明，其中的有效成份为碳水化合物，含氮化合物、维生素、脂肪酸、纤维素、矿物质及微量元素等。目前在于有效地开发利用各种海藻并建立数据库。