微藻无机碳利用在岩石风化及碳循环过程中的作用

岩溶碳汇呈现两种不同观点：（1）岩溶碳汇巨大,其机理在于岩溶区藻类及光合细菌利用碳酸氢根离子（${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$）实现光合作用,从动力学上加速了岩溶风化过程,促进大气CO2的溶解。（2）岩溶区碳酸盐岩的风化作用,产生${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$,随后产生等量的阳离子在海洋中进行碳酸盐岩的沉积作用,这仅仅体现的是碳酸盐岩的搬运作用,不能体现碳汇,在长期尺度上仅仅有硅酸盐岩风化产生净碳汇。文章抓住岩石风化产生${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$与微藻光合作用利用${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$的耦合点,分析了典型代表性水生生物——微藻在无机碳利用上对岩石风化及碳汇的影响。从微藻光合无机碳利用机制以及光合作用关键性酶－碳酸酐酶（CA）作用两方面,论证了微藻生长对岩石风化及其碳汇的的促进作用;同时论述高pH、高${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$的风化环境对微藻生长影响。获得以下新认识：（1）微藻通过胞外碳酸酐酶（CAex） 利用了大量${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$,加速岩石风化,并促使风化朝着形成${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$的方向进行;（2）微藻加速钙镁硅酸盐岩风化,风化溶出的Ca2+、Mg2+会促使碳酸盐岩的沉积,因此微藻加速硅酸盐岩风化形成净碳汇;（3）长时间尺度下,单纯的碳酸盐岩化学风化并不能直接产生净碳汇,但微藻对${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$利用使得碳酸盐岩风化朝着${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$转化方向进行,微藻参与碳酸钙沉积作用的同时转化无机碳为惰性有机碳,产生碳汇。故微藻通过CAex的作用,催化加速${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$与CO2之间的转化,形成水体${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$消耗的动力基础,微藻无机碳利用对岩石风化具有促进作用,从而调节大气CO2、浓度变化。基于当前研究,提出三点展望：（1）开展岩溶区区域水体系统的岩石风化、水生生物碳汇评估成为解决当前区域碳收支不平衡问题的关键;（2）查明岩石风化作用中生物作用碳转化机理及转化量,解决单纯的水化学径流法计算岩石风化碳汇精度不够问题;（3）构建光合生物参与下的新的评估方法,评估当前岩石风化在水生生物、水循环作用下的碳汇的时间尺度问题,厘清岩石风化碳汇在碳收支中的贡献。     

New challenges for tafoni research. A new approach to understand processes and weathering rates

Cavernous tafoni‐type weathering is a common and conspicuous global feature, creating artistic sculptures, which may be relevant for geochemical budgets. Weathering processes and rates are still a matter of discussion. Field evidence in the type locality Corsica revealed no trend of size variability from the coast to subalpine elevations and the aspect of tafoni seems to be governed primarily by the directions of local fault systems and cleavage, and only subordinately by wind directions or the aspect of insulation. REM analysis of fresh tafone chips confirmed mechanical weathering by the crystallization of salts, as conchoidal fracturing of quartz is observed. The salts are only subordinately provided by sea spray, as calcium and sodium sulfates rather than halite dominate even close to the coast. Characteristic element ratios compare well with aerosols from mixed African and European air masses. Sulfates are largely derived from Sahara dust, indicated by their sulfur isotopic composition. Salt crystals form by capillary rise within the rock and subsequent crystallization in micro‐cracks and at grain boundaries inside rain‐protected overhangs. Siderophile bacteria identified by raster electron microscopy (REM) analysis of tafone debris contribute to accelerated weathering of biotite and tiny sulfide ore minerals. By applying ¹⁰Be‐exposure dating, weathering rates of large mature tafone structures were found to be about an order of magnitude higher than those on the exposed top of the affected granite blocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南、北盘江流域枯水期水化学特征及离子来源分析

为进一步了解珠江上游南、北盘江流域水化学现状,对其枯水期36个河水样品进行水化学特征分析,结果表明:枯水期河水pH值在7.85~8.75之间,呈弱碱性,TDS均值为358 mg·L-1。河水中阴离子组成以HCO3-、SO42-为主,当量浓度占比均值达到65%与26%,阳离子中Ca2+和Mg2+是绝对的优势离子,当量浓度占比均值分别为65%和24%。与丰水期相关研究对比分析发现Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、SO42-、HCO3-、Cl-的枯水期浓度普遍高于丰水期,K+、NO3-丰、枯水期浓度变化不大。Piper图、岩性端元分析以及离子浓度比值分析表明,研究区水化学主要受碳酸和硫酸共同参与下的碳酸盐岩风化控制。南、北盘江流域都受到农业施用的钾肥和氮肥的影响,此外,北盘江主要受到煤炭开采以及燃煤工业的影响,南盘江主要受到源头及上游河段化工企业废水和沿途市县的生活废水的影响。与前人数据对比发现,15年间人为活动对流域水化学的影响加剧。      

Current Research Status and Prospect of Tectonically Deformed Coal

A number of studies have shown that development areas of weak deformation brittle series of tectonically deformed coal are often the favorable areas for coalbed methane development, and the distribution area of the mylonitic coal of ductile deformation is a danger zone of mine gas outburst. Therefore, faced with solving the key scientific issues and technical problems of the coal bed methane exploration and development and gas outburst prediction and evaluation, more and more attention has been paid to the research on tectonically deformed coal. This paper first systematically elaborated the main research progress on the concept and classification of tectonically deformed coals, their deformation characteristics, and the pore fissure structure and chemical structure. Then, it pointed out that there was a lack of research on the ductile deformation mechanism of coal, and this key scientific problem needs further research in the future. It seemed that the structural and geochemical process of chemical elements migration and accumulation during coal deformation was a new field which is worth exploring. Through refining stress sensitive elements, their distribution and evolution patterns in different stress-strain environments and different types of tectonically deformed coals might be revealed, and then they could become a predictive index which indicates the significance of distribution of tectonically deformed coals and gas outburst prediction. It was thought that geophysical response characteristics and research of detection theory and interpretation method of different types of tectonically deformed coal and gas enrichment area should be an important development direction in the future.     

水热平衡、化学地理和生物地理群落学研究成就和发展

本文内容包括三个方面:一是介绍黄秉维教授六十年代初提出综合自然地理学中的三个新方向——水热平衡、化学地理和生物地理群落学的基本理论和学术思想;二是中山大学地理系自然地理专业师生们在这三个新方向主要研宄成果;三是论述中山大学地理系自然地理专业师生们运用这些理论促使环境科学的形成和发展,正引用环境科学的成就来推动三个新方向上一个新台阶。     

吉林省中部地区花岗质岩石风化地球化学特征

对吉林省中部地区花岗质岩石及上覆残积土壤进行系统采样分析,研究表生环境中常量元素和微量元素含量变化,确定了花岗质岩石的风化特征及元素活动性规律：土壤中Ti、Mn、Co、Cu、Mo、V和Zr的平均含量高于岩石,而Al₂O₃、CaO、Na₂O、K₂O、Sr、Th和U的平均含量低于岩石,其余元素含量差别不明显;在垂直剖面上,SiO2、Ti、V、Y和Zr的含量变化不明显,Al₂O₃、Ba、Th、U在土壤B层中有明显的富集趋势,U含量在表层明显下降;Mo的含量在土壤C层明显升高,在表层含量有所下降;MgO、K₂O、Na₂O、CaO在土壤O层和A层中含量明显降低;TFe和Mn含量在垂向剖面上没有明显变化。总体上,亲石元素在风化过程中表现出较强的活动性;亲氧元素则相对较为稳定,在表生环境中元素活动性较弱;亲硫元素活动性介于两者之间。     

辽西义县组早期火山事件层地球化学特征及意义

义县盆地早白垩世义县组为一套火山-沉积岩系,沉积层中多含凝灰质成分。为了解沉积期火山活动对沉积层产生的影响,对砖城子层火山碎屑泥灰岩(火山事件层)和纹层状泥灰岩夹层、大康堡层纹层状泥灰岩进行岩石学和地球化学的研究。研究表明:火山事件层中含大量的火山碎屑(20%±),其他各层均含凝灰质成份。样品中主量元素Ca O、Mg O和Si O_2含量较高,Si O_2含量变化较大,Al_2O_3含量较低;微量元素与上地壳(UCC)元素比值多小于1,大多数微量元素(Rb、Th、Nb、REE等)处于亏损状态,火山事件层富集Li、Sc、As、Sr和Ag元素。沉积期火山活动对沉积层中Si O_2和K_2O含量影响较大,并可能导致As元素富集。火山事件层样品化学风化指数(CIW)在82~91之间,呈逐渐增加的趋势,指示风化作用强烈。     

Development of an automated method for continuous detection and quantification of cliff erosion events

Three intrusive systems of detection and quantification of coastal erosion events (using thermocouples and thermal pins) were developed and tested from 2005 to 2008 in different regions of the Gulf and maritime estuary of the St Lawrence (Quebec, Canada). The 3‐m‐long thermal pins inserted inside unconsolidated deposits allow the monitoring of erosion for a time period sometimes extending over several seasons. The thermocouple or thermocable method allows not only the instrumentation of unconsolidated deposits but also of rocky and cohesive substrate to a depth of 85 cm. An autonomous microclimatic station located near the experimental sites simultaneously samples temperature parameters, precipitation, snow cover, wind speed and direction as well as global radiation. The differential analysis of cliff thermal regime performed simultaneously with an analysis of air temperature makes it possible to determine the activation periods of coastal erosion processes. The results also make it possible to establish with precision the actual influence of rapid variations of certain climatic and microclimatic parameters (radiation, presence of snow cover, precipitation, etc.) on the physical state of surfaces and also on the activation of certain physical processes connected to coastal erosion events. The automated thermal erosion pin system (ATEPS) allows high temporal resolution (i.e. continuous) monitoring, enabling a real coupling of coastal erosion rates and climatic parameters. Preliminary results with the ATEPS system indicate that mild winter temperature and direct solar radiation are significant factors controlling cliff retreat rates. Moreover, the melting of segregation ice during the spring thaw contributed for more than 70% of cliff retreat against only 30% for frost shattering. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热带地区碳酸盐岩上覆红色风化壳的成因机理及元素演化

开展热带岩溶地区红色风化壳元素地球化学演化规律研究,有助于丰富碳酸盐岩风化成土理论的认识。在越南北部选取典型的碳酸盐岩风化剖面,分析热带气候条件下碳酸盐岩上覆红色风化壳中主量元素的物质来源和演化特征。结果表明:无论Ti/Zr的元素比值分析,Hf-Zr、Nb-Ta及Sm-Nd的元素对协变分析,还是上地壳元素平均值(UCC)标准化分析,两个剖面的上覆风化壳均显示原地残积的特征,即两个剖面是碳酸盐岩的原位风化产物。碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中,CaO、MgO淋失明显,Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3发生富集,显示两个剖面均经历较强的风化过程,但是白云岩和灰岩剖面有一定的分异特征。越南北部白云岩风化剖面从基岩到上部土层显示出稳定的Ti-Fe元素共富集特征,而灰岩剖面中Fe的增长速率明显超过Ti。白云岩上覆风化壳经历了强烈的风化作用,其脱硅作用弱于灰岩风化剖面,而富集铝的作用强于灰岩。迁移系数的演化规律说明两个剖面中长石成分(钾长石、钠长石等)或次生矿物(伊利石等)在风化成土过程中逐渐分解,同时Al、Fe、Si等稳定元素的在风化剖面中不断富集。     

Timing and origin of orogenic remagnetizations in Mississippian carbonates, Sawtooth Range, Montana

Paleomagnetic data and rock magnetic results suggest that a widespread orogenic remagnetization caused a pervasive chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) that resides in magnetite in the Mississippian Madison Group in the Sawtooth Range, Montana, during the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. The CRM is similar to a CRM reported by workers from equivalent units in the southern Canadian Cordillera. The CRM is interpreted to be related to alteration by fluids, and there are two likely fluids: hydrocarbons which migrated into the unit and externally derived radiogenic fluids.