Occurrence and distribution of bacteria indicators,chemical tracers and pathogenic vibrios in Singapore coastal waters

Water quality in Singapore's coastal area was evaluated with microbial indicators, pathogenic vibrios, chemical tracers and physico-chemical parameters. Sampling sites were grouped into two clusters (coastal sites at (i) northern and (ii) southern part of Singapore). The coastal sites located at northern part of Singapore along the Johor Straits exhibited greater pollution. Principal component analysis revealed that sampling sites at Johor Straits have greater loading on carbamazepine, while turbidity poses greater influence on sampling sites at Singapore Straits. Detection of pathogenic vibrios was also more prominent at Johor Straits than the Singapore Straits. This study examined the spatial variations in Singapore's coastal water quality and provided the baseline information for health risk assessment and future pollution management.     

Longitudinal variations of phytoplankton compositions in lake-to-river systems

To test the hypothesis of longitudinal variations in phytoplankton compositions from a eutrophic lake to its river downstream and determine the length of the transition zone, we applied functional groups as well as taxonomical methods to this coupled aquatic system, which is composed of the Dianchi Lake upstream and the Tanglang River downstream, by sampling at 9 stations during Microcystis blooms in the Dianchi Lake in 2013. The longitudinal variations in phytoplankton compositions from lacustrine species to fluvial species were reflected by: (1) the shift from Microcystis to Chlorococcales green algae and centric diatoms; (2) the shift from the dominance of codon M to the coexistence of a variety of coda without one outstanding codon; and (3) except for codon M, the shift from lacustrine coda (H1, L_O, T) towards coda that are adapted to both lacustrine and fluvial circumstances (MP, X1, X2). The prominent difference of phytoplankton compositions between the Dianchi Lake and the lower reaches of the Tanglang River revealed that there was a transition zone in between. The upper and middle reaches of the Tanglang River with a length of approximately 26.4 km were considered the transition zone because: (1) the dominant lentic codon M in the Dianchi Lake disappeared at the lower reaches of the river; (2) the amount of codon P that is sensitive to stratification rose at the beginning of the river; and (3) the codon T, which is well adapted to the persistently mixed layer or epilimnia of lakes, lost a large number of biomass at the upper and middle reaches of the Tanglang River. In this study, we found that the eutrophic lake had a significant influence on the river downstream. In addition, we found that functional groups were sensitive to the changes of external aquatic conditions and helpful in determining the length of the transition zone.     

Die neue EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie: Bewertung der chemischen und ökologischen Qualität von Oberflächengewässern

The New EC Framework Water Directive: Assessment of the Chemical and Ecological Status of Surface Waters The main objective of the draft EC Framework Water Directive is the good quality of all surface waters. The directive provides for an assessment of the chemical status of surface waters (EU‐wide valid environmental quality standards for approximately 30 priority substances) and a five‐stage ecological classification of waters, comprising the stages high, good, moderate, poor, and bad. The starting point for the assessment are the reference conditions, which are defined as corresponding to high water quality and characterising a water status with no significant anthropogenic impact. The reference sites in the various water body types are to be selected using hydromorphological and physico‐chemical parameters and subsequently characterised by means of biological parameters. For surface waters, three groups of characteristics are provided for, namely: 1. with priority the biology – in the case of surface waters – with the four elements phytoplankton, macrophytes/phytobenthos, benthic invertebrate fauna, and fish fauna; 2. supporting the hydromorphology, e.g. flowing waters with the three elements hydrological regime, river continuity, and morphological conditions and 3. supporting the physico‐chemical conditions with the three elements general conditions, specific synthetic pollutants, and specific non synthetic pollutants (other than the priority substances of the chemical status).     

粤北青嶂山岩体江头矿区铀矿微区矿物学、年代学特征及其成矿动力背景制约

粤北诸广和贵东是华南最重要的两个花岗型铀矿密集区,青嶂山(龙源坝)岩体位于两者之间,是华南花岗岩型铀矿研究薄弱地区。江头铀矿区地处青嶂山岩体北部与南雄断陷盆地的结合部位,该矿区的铀成矿年代学研究几为空白。本文通过电子探针方法研究了青嶂山岩体、及与该岩体密切相关的江头矿区中的铀矿物微区矿物学特征,获得岩浆成因的晶质铀矿与热液成因的沥青铀矿的U-Th-Pb化学年龄,探讨了华南铀成矿作用动力学背景及成矿地质体。研究表明:青嶂山岩体粗粒斑状黑云母花岗岩和中粒斑状黑云母花岗岩中的铀矿物主要有晶质铀矿、铀石,部分晶质铀矿存在明显铀释放的特征,其晶质铀矿化学年龄分别为246.8±8.8Ma、161.5±8.0Ma,与前人获得的锆石U-Pb年龄结果在误差范围内一致,分别代表了区内印支期与燕山期花岗岩体的成岩年龄,表明在南雄断陷盆地形成之前,青嶂山岩体与诸广岩体可能为一有机整体,有着相同的成岩、成矿环境。江头矿区矿石中铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿,伴有少量钛铀矿、铀石等,沥青铀矿化学年龄分别为121.3±9.8Ma、98.8±8.0Ma、73.2±8.8Ma,分别代表区内3期铀成矿作用的时代,结合华南中生代以来构造运动特征,认为区内铀成矿作用是受中-新生代盆地边缘深大断陷活动、产铀花岗岩体分布的双要素成矿动力学背景制约,青嶂山岩体应与诸广、贵东岩体具有相似的找矿前景。     

珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷上渐新统—早中新统物源特征及其对沉积充填的影响

利用化学蚀变指数法恢复物源区的风化历史及沉积物通量是一种经济实用、行之有效的方法。前人对珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷对应物源区的研究相对薄弱。本文通过对区内岩心测试数据进行化学蚀变指数分析,恢复晚渐新世—早中新世物源区的风化历史,并进行沉积物通量的估算,在此基础上探讨物源特征对研究区内沉积充填的控制作用。研究表明,晚渐新世研究区对应物源区经历了强烈风化阶段,该阶段产生的丰富的沉积物供给是研究区西北部快速进积、规模壮观的陆架边缘三角洲及斜坡重力流沉积体系发育的重要控制因素之一;早中新世,西北物源区风化减弱,沉积供给减少,但研究区东部沉积物供应较西部要充分得多,表明早中新世,研究区南部除了来自西北部的主要物源外,局部物源对该时期的沉积具有重要影响;推测东部物源(东部古隆起、兴宁古隆起)的突然复活是促进研究区东部早中新世沟槽形成发育的重要原因之一。在超深水区进行沉积物源区的研究中,这种半定量的方法对盆内局部物源的确定具有重要的指示意义。     

Origin and depositional environments of source rocks and crude oils from Niger Delta Basin: Carbon isotopic evidence

Thirty-nine crude oils and twenty-one rock samples from Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria have been characterized based on their isotope compositions by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole rock extracts, saturate and aromatic fractions range from –28.7‰ to –26.8‰, –29.2‰ to –27.2 ‰ and –28.5 ‰ to –26.7 ‰, respectively while the bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole oils, saturate and aromatic fractions range from –25.4 ‰ to –27.8 ‰, –25.9 ‰ to –28.4 ‰ and –23.5 ‰ to –26.9 ‰, respectively. The average carbon isotopic compositions of individual alkanes (nC₁₂-nC₃₃) in the rock samples range from –34.9‰ to –28.2‰ whereas the average isotopic values of individual n-alkanes in the oils range from –31.1‰ to –23.8‰. The δ¹³C isotope ratios of pristane and phytane in the rock samples range from –29.2 ‰ to –28.2 ‰ and –30.2 ‰ to –27.4 ‰ respectively while the pristane and phytane isotopic values range from –32.1‰ to –21.9‰ and –30.5‰ to –26.9‰, respectively. The isotopic values recorded for the samples indicated that the crude oils were formed from the mixed input of terrigenous and marine organic matter and deposited under oxic to sub-oxic condition in lacustrine-fluvial/deltaic environments. The stable carbon isotopic compositions were found to be effective in assessing the origin and depositional environments of crude oils in the Niger Delta Basin.     

VARIABILITY IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF IN SITU SUBGLACIAL MELTWATERS

Meltwaters collected from boreholes drilled to the base of the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland have chemical compositions that can be classified into three main groups. The first group is dilute, whereas the second group is similar to, though generally less concentrated in major ions, than contemporaneous bulk glacial runoff. The third group is more concentrated than any observed bulk runoff, including periods of flow recession. Waters of the first group are believed to represent supraglacial meltwater and ice melted during drilling. Limited solutes may be derived from interactions with debris in the borehole. The spatial pattern of borehole water levels and borehole water column stratification, combined with the chemical composition of the different groups, suggest that the second group represent samples of subglacial waters that exchange with channel water on a diurnal basis, and that the third group represent samples of water draining through a ‘distributed’ subglacial hydraulic system. High NO⁻₃ concentrations in the third group suggest that snowmelt may provide a significant proportion of the waters and that the residence time of the waters at the bed in this particular section of the distributed system is of the order of a few months. The high NO⁻₃ concentrations also suggest that some snowmelt is routed along different subglacial flowpaths to those used by icemelt. The average SO²⁻₄: (HCO⁻₃ + SO²⁻₄) ratio of the third group of meltwaters is 0.3, suggesting that sulphide oxidation and carbonate dissolution (which gives rise to a ratio of 0.5) cannot provide all the HCO⁻₃ to solution. Hence, carbonate hydrolysis may be occurring before sulphide oxidation, or there may be subglacial sources of CO₂, perhaps arising from microbial oxidation of organic C in bedrock, air bubbles in glacier ice or pockets of air trapped in subglacial cavities. The channel marginal zone is identified as an area that may influence the composition of bulk meltwater during periods of recession flow and low diurnal discharge regimes. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系主要含水岩组沉积岩相古地理对地下水水化学场形成和水质分布的影响

通过典型水文钻孔和露头剖面沉积地质、水文地质调查、样品测试及综合研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系含水层形成时,北部环河组、洛河组均广泛发育河流相沉积,而南部环河组湖泊相为主、洛河组沙漠沙丘相广泛分布的沉积古地理格局,这对含水岩石中长石、粘土矿物、方解石、石膏等重要矿物组成和易溶盐含量及其空间分布形成明显控制,也控制了含水层和隔水层空间分布,并显著影响了深层地下水循环交替条件的区域分布变化。在沉积-成岩环境条件下,影响地下水水化学场形成和水质分布变化的主要水-岩作用包括硫酸盐、碳酸盐及硅酸盐矿物的溶解溶滤和阳离子交换作用等水文地球化学作用。受含水层沉积岩相古地理、地下水循环及水岩作用等因素控制,环河组、洛河组地下水总体表现为盆地北区TDS低、淡水发育、以HCO3型为主,南区TDS高、微咸水和咸水发育、以HCO3.SO4型为主的分布规律,地下水水化学和水质分布在北区分布变化小、在南区上下含水层分布变化复杂。     

湖泊沉积物中元素相态的连续提取分析—以岱海为例

如何利用湖泊/海洋沉积物地球化学代用指标有效地指示环境很大程度取决于元素的来源及其在沉积物中赋存形态的确定.对位于半干旱区的内蒙古岱海14个沉积物样品的连续提取实验及18个元素在水可溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态及残留态等六种赋存相态中含量变化进行了测试和研究,结合沉积物的矿物组成,结果表明在岱海流域内只经历了较弱的化学风化过程,除了Ca和Sr外,其他元素主要赋存于残留态中,只发生了很小程度的活化溶解.受元素亲合性和湖水物理化学状态的制约,出溶的Sr与Ca的赋存相态基本一致,而出溶的Pb、Be、Co、Cu、K、Mn、Fe等元素则与自生碳酸盐、有机质表现出一定的亲合性.元素在不同赋存相态中分布为地球化学环境代用指标的提取和解释提供了机理性的实验依据.     

Stable isotopic compositions and controlling factors of precipitation and atmospheric vapour in the headwaters of the Shule River

Stable isotopic compositions of precipitation (δ¹⁸O_p, δ²H_p and d-excess_p) and atmospheric vapour (δ¹⁸O_v, δ²H_v and d-excess_v) with high spatial–temporal resolution are crucial in revealing hydrologic cycle. Based on the variation characteristics of δ¹⁸O_p/δ¹⁸O_v, δ²H_p/δ²H_v and d-excess_p/d-excess_v in the headwaters of the Shule River (HSR) on hourly and daily scales from June to September 2018, this study analysed the relationships between δ¹⁸O_p/δ²H_p and δ¹⁸O_v/δ²H_v combined with the equilibrium fractionation model, as well as δ¹⁸O_p/δ¹⁸O_v and meteorological factors. The slopes of local meteoric water line (LMWL) and the δ²H_v-δ¹⁸O_v fitting equation were similar (7.96 and 7.94) with both intercepts exceeding 10, reflecting the great contribution of recycling moisture. The values of δ¹⁸O_v/δ²H_v were lower than δ¹⁸O_p/δ²H_p but with consistent variation patterns throughout the period. The equilibrium simulation results suggested that precipitation and atmospheric vapour almost approached isotopic equilibrium state, especially during monsoon intrusion period. Affected by monsoon intrusion, the slopes and intercepts of the LMWLs and the δ²H_v-δ¹⁸O_v fitting equations were smaller than those during non-monsoon period and d-excess and δ¹⁸O were negatively correlated. Relative humidity had significant negative correlations with δ¹⁸O_p and δ¹⁸O_v in the whole period, however, the positive correlations between δ¹⁸O_p/δ¹⁸O_v and temperature were observed during non-monsoon and monsoon intrusion period, respectively. Our results demonstrated that precipitation and atmospheric vapour isotopic compositions exhibited consistency under the influence of diverse moisture sources, while more complex relationships were found between δ¹⁸O_p/δ¹⁸O_v and meteorological factors. This research provided evidence for using the isotopic compositions of atmospheric vapour to indicate moisture sources, and can improve understanding of the water cycle and eco-hydrological process from the perspective of the interaction between water and gas phases of the inland river basin in northwest China.