The Paleogene vegetation and petroleum system in the tropics: A biomarker approach

The present study investigates the biomarker signatures of sediments and crude oils to infer the paleovegetation from the two petroleum systems of Assam Basin, eastern India. They are classified as the Paleocene-middle Eocene and the middle Eocene-Oligocene petroleum systems. The sediments are oil and gas prone with an early catagenetic stage of thermal evolution. Here we report tricyclic diterpanes such as rimuane, pimarane, rosane and isopimarane along with tetracyclic diterpanes: ent-beyerane, phyllocladane, kaurane from Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing sediments and crude oils. These diterpane biomarkers attest dominant contribution from conifers, possibly from Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae. However, diterpanes are not detected in Oligocene sediments and oils. Crude oils from both Paleocene-Eocene and Oligocene reservoirs and organic rich sediments contain angiosperm biomarkers such oleanane and related triterpanes along with bicadinane, a biomarker specific for the Dipterocarpaceae family of angiosperms. The equatorial position of India during early Paleogene along with the presence of angiosperm signatures including Dipterocarpaceae and gymnosperms reflect the emergence of tropical rainforest elements in eastern India. Absence of diterpenoids in Oligocene samples and difference in angiosperm parameters from Paleocene-Eocene samples suggests a change in source vegetation and organofacies.     

Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of the Kachchh Basin,India

The Kachchh sedimentary basin in the western continental margin of India is a peri-cratonic rift basin which preserves a nearly complete rock record from Middle Jurassic to Recent, punctuated by several stratigraphic breaks. The Cenozoic sediments exposed in the western part of the Kachchh mainland extend offshore into the present-day continental shelf. The unique feature of the outcropping area is a nearly complete, richly fossiliferous and easily accessible Cenozoic succession. Detailed field mapping and litho-biostratigraphic studies have made it possible to identify the chronostratigraphic units, map them in the field and extend the correlation into the offshore, aided by the development of continuously recognizable key biostratigraphic horizons and time boundaries. Detailed field mapping of key sections integrated with the litho-biostratigraphic information has helped in working out a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Cenozoic succession in the basin. The succession comprises a first-order passive margin sequence. Excellent biostratigraphic control has enabled identification of unconformities of various magnitudes which in turn have helped in mapping 5 second-order and four third-order sequences. Each sequence is discussed with respect to its extent, nature of sequence boundaries, sedimentary fill, key sequence stratigraphic surfaces and depositional setup, to understand the Cenozoic sequence stratigraphic architecture of the basin.     

柴达木盆地东部新生代盆地结构与演化

本文对柴达木盆地东部新生代盆地结构和构造演化进行了研究.地震剖面揭示柴达木盆地东部新生界分别向南、北盆地边缘变薄和尖灭,盆地北部被欧龙布鲁克山和埃姆尼克山隆起强烈改造.通过对新生代地层厚度横向变化以及地层剖面分析,确定欧北断裂自中新世晚期开始向北逆冲,导致欧龙布鲁克山发生隆升和德令哈凹陷的形成.埃北断裂从上新世开始活动,与欧北断裂同时向北逆冲,导致德令哈凹陷进一步沉降,形成厚度达2600m的狮子沟组.埃南断裂在第四纪开始大规模向南逆冲,不仅造成其北侧的欧龙布鲁克山和埃姆尼克山隆起强烈抬升和向南推覆,而且导致南侧霍布逊凹陷的形成,成为柴达木盆地第四纪沉积中心.早期提出的前陆盆地和背驮式盆地模型显然不能解释柴达木盆地东部新生代构造格架和演化历史.本次研究认为柴达木盆地东部的形成是强烈的水平挤压作用导致地壳发生大规模褶皱的结果,即柴达木盆地东部新生代是一个大规模向斜.该向斜盆地模型很好地解释了新生代地层向盆地边缘减薄以及沉积中心主要位于盆地中部等现象.了解柴达木盆地东部构造发展对了解青藏高原侧向扩展具有重要意义.     

Subsidence of the Miyako‐Sone submarine carbonate platform,east of Miyako‐jima Island,northwestern Pacific Ocean

Bathymetric mapping and observations of the seafloor using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV, Hyper‐Dolphin 3K) were carried out on the slopes of the Miyako‐Sone submarine platform, east of Miyako‐jima in the Ryukyu Islands, northwestern Pacific Ocean. The bathymetric map indicates that terraces are present at water depths of approximately 140 m, 330 m, 400 m, and 680 m on the northwestern slope of the platform. A number of NW–SE trending lineaments, probably faults, extend perpendicular to the axis of the Ryukyu Island Arc. Two ROV surveys were conducted at water depths ranging from 519 m (on the slope) to 121 m (shallowest part of the platform). The surveys revealed that well‐indurated carbonate rocks are exposed at terrace margins and on upper slopes, and that the lower slopes are covered with modern sediments consisting of unconsolidated, coarse‐sand‐sized bioclastic carbonates. Calcareous nannofossils from the well‐indurated carbonate rocks indicate a Middle–Late Pleistocene age, which suggests that the rocks correlate with the Quaternary reef and fore‐reef deposits of the Ryukyu Group (Ryukyu Limestone) on the Ryukyu Islands. No siliciclastic deposits corresponding to the upper Miocene–lower Pleistocene Shimajiri Group (as exposed on Okinawa‐jima and Miyako‐jima islands) were recovered during the surveys. Coeval well‐indurated carbonate rocks, all of which formed in a similar sedimentary environment, have been downthrown towards the west due to displacements on the western sides of normal faults. Subsidence of the Miyako‐Sone submarine platform was the result of large vertical displacements on such normal faults. The timing of initial subsidence cannot be tightly constrained, but the presence of the youngest limestone at progressively lower levels towards the west suggests the subsidence continued until after 0.265 Ma.     

第四系重新定义的有关建议

当新生界"第三系-第四系"的划分方案被"古近系-新近系"(Gradstein等,2004)所取代后,有关第四系的定义问题在国际学术界产生很大的争议.本文汇集部分国际组织和个人对第四系重新定义的有关建议,以期引起我国地层工作者和第四纪学者对此关注.     

塔里木盆地腹地晚新生代沉积序列的超细粒组分记录及其古气候意义

对红白山剖面的粒度分析表明,塔里木盆地腹地晚新生代沉积物的粒度曲线中普遍存在一个超细粒组分。其众数粒径分布比较稳定,平均为0.87μm,含量变化介于0.3%～10%,在不同成因的沉积物中和在剖面上都具有明显的变化规律。对同一岩性段而言,超细粒组分含量在风成砂中最低,在黄土中较低,在河流相沉积中较高,在湖相泥岩中最高。尽管受岩性变化的影响比较显著,但不同成因沉积物的超细粒组分含量在剖面上的变化基本一致,暗示了其长周期变化受同一驱动因子控制。化学风化和/或成壤作用强度可能起着关键作用。红白山剖面超细粒组分含量在2.8Ma的快速降低指示了化学风化和/或成壤作用强度的显著减弱,进而反映了塔里木盆地腹地干旱化的显著加强。     

准噶尔盆地南缘新生代沉积物碎屑锆石记录的天山隆升剥蚀过程

通过对准噶尔盆地南缘有精确古地磁年代控制的金沟河剖面新生代沉积物中7个砂岩样品碎屑锆石的U Pb LA ICP MS测年分析,确定安集海河组（28~23.3 Ma）和沙湾组（23.3~17.5 Ma）的砂岩样品碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在261~328 Ma（P-C）,塔西河组（17.5~13.2 Ma）样品的年龄主要集中在234~311 Ma（T-C）和369~403 Ma（D-S）,独山子组（13.2~6.0 Ma）和西域组（6.0~1 Ma）样品的年龄主要集中在264~333 Ma。经与流域内岩石地层的分布相对比,揭示至少在晚渐新世开始中天山已经隆升并剥蚀为盆地提供物源,从约中新世早期开始北天山的南缘开始隆升,加入物源供给区,从约中新世中晚期开始北天山开始明显隆升,并逐步阻碍了中天山的物源供给,成为物源的主要供给区。天山的这种逐步向北的隆升剥蚀过程,反映了印度欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应。     

渭河盆地新生代沉积相研究

渭河盆地位于鄂尔多斯地块南缘与秦岭造山带的交接部位,为一新生代盆地,古近系和新近系沉积厚度几千米,沉积类型多样,通过钻井及大量野外剖面的详细观察及实测,开展了地层、沉积相及岩相古地理学的研究。对渭河盆地新生代地层单位进行了重新厘定,并根据沉积特征划分为冲积扇沉积、河流沉积、湖泊沉积、三角洲沉积及风成沉积5种沉积类型。研究认为:整个沉积过程,盆地边断、边陷、边充填,纵向上极不对称,沉积中心偏南,平面上西窄东宽,盆地边部以冲积扇沉积为主,向中心由三角洲沉积逐渐过渡为湖相沉积。盆地从始新世开始沉积,渐新世后期抬升并存在沉积间断,中新世冷水沟期接着开始沉积,水体逐渐扩大,寇家村期湖泊广泛发育,至灞河期沉积范围达到最大,上新世游河期盆地存在西安、固市两大沉积凹陷区,边部开始出现风成沉积,第四纪西部隆起,湖泊沉积范围开始缩小,中更新世至全新世,盆地内湖泊萎缩成区域上的小型洼地。     

吉黑地区新生代船底山玄武岩正名及其意义

船底山玄武岩于1953年创名。半个多世纪以来, 由于在其创名地一直未获得该火山事件的同位素测年资料以及东北地区存在诸多与船底山玄武岩类似的新生代高位玄武岩, 导致多种相关文献对东北地区古新世-上新世众多不同的火山事件所形成的玄武岩地质体均以“船底山玄武岩”命名, 造成了该名称的使用时间跨度太大, 给东北地区新生代火山事件序列的研究带来不便。层型剖面顶部玄武岩的测年结果表明, 船底山玄武岩的全岩K-Ar年龄为(28.3 ±2.3) Ma, 结合文献资料承传, 船底山玄武岩可作为一事件地层单元, 即船底山火山事件或广义的理解为晚渐新世沉积期( 31 ～23 Ma) 火山事件所形成的火山岩石地层单元。     

青藏高原新生代两类超钾质岩石的成因——实验岩石学和地球化学约束

青藏高原分布有羌塘—囊谦—滇西和冈底斯两条新生代钾质-超钾质火山岩带。羌塘—囊谦—滇西超钾质岩浆活动的峰值时间为40～30Ma,主体岩石具有Ⅰ型超钾质岩的高MgO和低CaO、Al2O3含量特征;30～24Ma期间羌塘中、西部出现Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆活动,主体岩石以贫SiO2、高CaO、Al2O3和低MgO/CaO为特征。冈底斯新生代超钾质火山岩也显示I型超钾质岩的高MgO和低CaO、Al2O3含量特征,其形成时间为25～12Ma。综合超钾质岩石的实验资料,可知区内I型超钾质岩的源区以富硅、富钾流(熔)体交代形成的金云母方辉橄榄岩为主;Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆源区则以斜辉橄榄岩地幔为主。囊谦—滇西Ⅰ型超钾质岩带空间上严格受红河走滑构造带所控制,40～28Ma出现I型超钾质岩浆活动,16Ma转变为OIB型钾质火山岩。岩浆源区从岩石圈地幔向软流圈演变,暗示大型走滑断裂引起的岩石圈地幔减薄和软流圈上涌是导致交代岩石圈地幔金云母分解熔融产生区内I型超钾质岩浆的主控因素。羌塘中部35～34Ma有软流圈来源为主的钠质碱性玄武岩岩浆的喷发,30～24Ma转变为以岩石圈地幔为主要来源的Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆活动,岩浆源区从软流圈向岩石圈迁移,指示软流圈上涌伴随的富CO2流(熔)体活动是导致古交代岩石圈地幔升温熔融产生Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆的主控因素,软流圈上涌可能是俯冲板片断离或岩石圈地幔拆沉作用的结果。