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G. P. Ayers R. W. Gillett J. M Cainey A. L. Dick 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,33(3):299-319
Datasets on aerosol composition in Southern Ocean air at Cape Grim and Macquarie Island, and rainwater composition at Cape Grim, have been analysed for sea-salt components in order to test the validity of the multiphase autocatalytic halogen activation process proposed initially by Sander and Crutzen (1996) and developed fully for clean marine air by Vogt et al. (1996). Four distinct datasets from the two locations were analysed. All four datasets provided consistent evidence in support of three predictions of the autocatalytic model: (1) overall Cl- deficits in sea-salt aerosol were small, difficult to quantify against analytical uncertainty and at most a few percent; (2) Br- deficits were large, averaging –30% to –50% on an annual basis, with strong seasonality ranging from about –10% in some winter samples to –80% or more in some summer samples; and (3) the Br- and Cl- deficits were clearly linked to the availability of strong, S-acidity in the aerosol, confirming the importance of acid catalysis to the dehalogenation process. 相似文献
54.
This paper presents a copula technique to develop time-variant seismic fragility curves for corroded bridges at the system level and considers the realistic time-varying dependence among component seismic demands. Based on material deterioration mechanisms and incremental dynamic analysis, the time-evolving seismic demands of components were obtained in the form of marginal probability distributions. The time-varying dependences among bridge components were then captured with the best fitting copula function, which was selected from the commonly used copula classes by the empirical distribution based analysis method. The system time-variant fragility curves at different damage states were developed and the effects of time-varying dependences among components on the bridge system fragility were investigated. The results indicate the time-varying dependence among components significantly affects the time-variant fragility of the bridge system. The copula technique captures the nonlinear dependence among component seismic demands accurately and easily by separating the marginal distributions and the dependence among them. 相似文献
55.
氯氧镁水泥(Magnesium oxychloride cement, MOC)具有快凝、早强、高强、防火和不腐蚀玻璃纤维等优点,非常适合于制作玻璃纤维增强薄壁制品,在农业灌溉工程中具有良好的应用前景。采用XRD和TOPAS分析了新型抗水氯氧镁水泥制成内蒙古防渗渠的物相组成,探讨了氯氧镁水泥制品在自然环境的水化产物与相转变规律、以及相组成对强度的影响。结果表明,在水分缺少的条件下,氯氧镁水泥的水化产物主要为5Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·8H_2O(5·1·8)和Mg(OH)_2;在水分充足的条件下,水化产物主要为Mg(OH)_2和5·1·8,碳化产物为碳化氯氧化镁Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·2MgCO_3·6H_2O(1·1·2·6)和水菱镁矿4MgCO_3·Mg(OH)_2·4H_2O(4·1·4)。水化产物对强度有促进作用,而碳化产物会降低强度。通过10年的工程环境考验,证明新型氯氧镁水泥制品在环境中能够保持主要强度相5·1·8的稳定性,具有良好的长期力学性能。 相似文献
56.
Sushmitha Baskar R. Baskar Natuschka Lee P. K. Theophilus 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(5):1169-1186
The Mawsmai cave and Krem Phyllut caves, East Khasi hills, Meghalaya, India has so far not yet attracted the attention of
geomicrobiologists. Observations and hypotheses on the possible influence of identified microorganisms for speleothem formations
in Meghalaya are reported for the first time. XRD studies identified calcite in speleothems and gypsum in cave wall deposits
as the dominant minerals. SEM-EDAX showed interesting microfabric features showing strong resemblance with fossilised bacteria,
calcified filaments, needle calcite and numerous nano scale calcite crystals, highly weathered and disintegrated crystals
of calcite, that point towards a significant microbial influence in its genesis. Thin section petrography showed laminated
stromatolitic features. The microorganisms identified by conventional isolation and further evaluation of isolates by molecular
techniques include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcus luteus, and Actinomycetes. Microscopic observations also showed unidentifiable cocci and four unidentifiable strains of CaSO4 (gypsum) precipitating bacteria. Experimental studies confirmed that these bacteria are able to precipitate calcium minerals
(calcite, gypsum, minor amounts of dolomite) in the laboratory. These results allow us to postulate that species like these
may contribute to active biogenic influence in the cave formations at Meghalaya. 相似文献
57.
碳酸盐生物沉积作用的研究现状与展望 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
碳酸盐矿物是地球上最丰富的矿物之一,碳酸盐沉积在许多地质过程中起着非常重要的作用.生物沉积碳酸盐的现象在自然界普遍存在,其中又以生物沉积碳酸钙(CaCO3)为主.生物从周围环境中选择性地吸取元素,在严格的生物控制下,组装成功能化的碳酸盐结构;生物也可以通过改变周围的环境诱导碳酸盐的沉积或自身参与碳酸盐的沉积.不同生物对碳酸盐沉积的作用扣机理不同,综述了海洋动植物、藻类生物、菌类生物对碳酸盐的沉积作用及其机理以及实验室模拟调控CaCO3生物矿化方面的一些研究成果和研究现状,提出未来亟待解决的一些重要问题,并指出生物沉积碳酸盐研究所具有的巨大应用前景. 相似文献
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在盐度为12的海水中,添加不同浓度的CaCl2(2、4、6、8、10g/L)可对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及溶菌酶(LZM)的活性产生影响.结果表明:在实验海水中浸泡4h后,实验组与对照组河蟹肝胰腺中5种酶的活性随着CaCl2浓度的上升均出现了不同程度的降低,当CaCl2浓度为10g/L时,活性最低;ACP和AKP分别为对照组的56.72%和40.76%;SOD与CAT的活性在10g/L时为对照组的20.11%和7.32%;LZM的活性为对照组的60.14%;该结果说明:正常海水中CaCl2浓度的提高会导致河蟹体内自由基代谢的紊乱,从而影响机体的正常生理功能和免疫力.除LZM外,当CaCl2浓度为4g/L时,其它免疫酶的活性均表现出向下的拐点.因此,继续提高海水中的CaCl2浓度,将对河蟹成活率产生不利的影响. 相似文献
60.
The deterioration of sediments is a serious environmental problem. Controlling nutrient release fluxes from sediments is important to alleviating eutrophication and to reducing terrigenous nutrient loads. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phosphate removal performance of granulated coal ash (GCA) from seawater, which is produced from coal thermal electric power generation. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the removal kinetics of phosphate from seawater under both oxic and anoxic conditions. Phosphate was removed well from seawater under both oxic and anoxic conditions. The adsorption isotherm for phosphate revealed that GCA could remove phosphate effectively from seawater above a concentration of 1.7 μmol L−1. GCA can reduce the concentration of phosphate in seawater effectively under anoxic conditions where iron type adsorbents cannot be applied. Therefore, GCA could potentially be used to adsorb phosphate in the organically-enriched sediment, which generally occurs under highly reductive conditions. 相似文献