方解石沉积速率控制的物理化学机制及其古环境重建意义

本文总结了作者有关方解石沉积动力学研究的结果,发现方解石沉积速率受环境温度、CO2分压、水动力条件、水层厚度和溶液中钙浓度等多因素的控制。总的规律是温度愈高、CO2分压愈低、流速愈快、水层厚度愈大、溶液中钙浓度愈高,方解石沉积速率愈大。而且,方解石沉积速率随水中钙浓度的增加呈近似线性增加。文中对自然界类似环境条件下的速率系数和我国南北气候环境条件下的方解石沉积速率进行了总结和分析。文章最后对利用钙华和石笋的沉积速率进行古环境重建的复杂性进行了简要的讨论。      

长江三峡库首区某些断层新活动年龄数据应用的制约

近一、二十年来, 为了研究三峡大坝库首区周围断层活动对大坝稳定性的影响, 采用TL、ESR、FT、14C和U系等测年法测了大量断层活动年龄数据。这些年龄数据范围很宽, 瞠目结舌, 无可措手。本文从1, 各测年法的适用时间段;2, 样品回零条件;3, 断层活动年龄含义;4, 年龄分散性的影响;5, 测年的干扰因素;6, 地质背景对测年结果的判定等六个方面进行探讨, 以期选取更适合于地质背景的年龄数据, 较准确地评价大坝的安全和稳定性。     

广东大沟谷钠长石岩地球化学特征及成因研究

粤西大沟谷一带钢长石岩主要以层状、透镜状及脉状产于震旦系乐昌峡群变质片岩中,具块状及条带状构造,是大沟谷金矿的主要赋矿岩石。钠长石岩富Na、St、Al、Mg、Mn、K,在微量元素方面富An、As、Sn、B、Cu、Ni、Co、Ph、Zn,稀土元素的含量较低,配分模式为平缓右倾曲线。矿物组合及铁白云石碳、氧同位素组成特征与秦岭地区热水沉积钠长石岩的基本相同。据大沟谷钢长石岩的地质地球化学特征认为钠长石岩是热水沉积的产物。     

Climate signal in varve thickness: Lake La Cruz (Spain), a case study

Lake La Cruz is a meromictic, karstic lake with annually laminated sediment formed by summer pulses of calcite deposition. The aim of this study was to explore the potential use of the laminated sediment from Lake La Cruz as a quantitative climate proxy, by calibrating lamina thickness against instrumental climate data. Statistical analysis of the relation between lamina thickness and the meteorological dataset indicated a high correlation between calcium carbonate lamina thickness and rainfall from December to March (r  = 0.725, P < 0.01, n = 35). Winter rainfall anomalies in the area are, in turn, highly negatively correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO, r = −0.832; P < 0.01; n = 53). We propose a regression model to infer past winter rainfall from calcium carbonate laminae thickness. These results highlight new possibilities for paleoenvironmental research using calcite laminated sediment records as climate proxies, especially to study past rainfall variability.     

Effectiveness of various dispersed alkaline substrates for the pre-treatment of ferriferous acid mine drainage

Dispersed alkaline substrates (DAS) have been successfully used in passive treatment of highly contaminated acid mine drainage (AMD) to limit coating and clogging issues. However, further optimization of DAS systems is still needed, especially for their long-term efficiency during the treatment of ferriferous AMD. In the present study, three types of DAS comprised of natural alkaline materials (wood ash, calcite, dolomite), in different proportions (20%v/v, 50%v/v, 80%v/v), and a substrate with high surface area (wood chips) were tested in 9 batch reactors. The testing was carried out, in duplicate, for a period of 91 days, to evaluate the comparative performance of the mixtures for iron pre-treatment in ferriferous AMD (2500 mg/L Fe, at pH 4). Results showed increasing of pH (between 4.15 and 7.12), regardless of the proportion of alkaline materials in the DAS mixtures. Among the tested mixtures, wood ash type DAS were more effective for Fe removal (99.9%) than calcite or dolomite type DAS (up to 66%). All tested DAS had limited efficiency for sulfate removal and an additional treatment unit, such as a sulfate-reducing biochemical reactor, is needed. Moreover, due to the similar performances of the calcite and dolomite DAS, they could be potentially substituted and rather be used in a polishing treatment unit. Based on these findings, the most promising mixture was the 50% wood ash type DAS (WA50-DAS).     

Dedolomitization and calcite cementation in the Middle Devonian Winnipegosis Formation in Central Saskatchewan,Canada

Limestone consisting of finely to medium crystalline calcite mosaics is present in the upper part of the Winnipegosis Formation on the east‐central margin of the Elk Point Basin where the overlying Prairie Evaporite deposits have been removed. This type of crystalline limestone is interpreted as dedolomite, based on petrographic observations. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of the Winnipegosis dedolomite vary from ?12·8‰ to ?11·9‰ VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) and from ?0·5‰ to +1·7‰ VPDB, respectively; both values are significantly lower than those for the corresponding dolomite. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the dedolomite are significantly higher, between 0·7082 and 0·7087. The spatial distribution and geochemical data of the Winnipegosis dedolomite suggest that dedolomitization was related to an influx of fresh groundwater and dissolution of the Prairie Evaporite anhydrite during the latest Mississippian to the Early Cretaceous when the basin was subjected to uplift and erosion. The Winnipegosis dedolomite displays a series of replacement fabrics showing progressive calcitization of dolomite, including the occurrence of dedolomite restricted along fractures and adjacent areas, dolomite patches ‘floating’ in the dedolomite masses and massive dedolomite with sparsely scattered dolomite relicts. However, the characteristic fabrics resulting from dedolomitization documented in the literature have not been observed in the Winnipegosis dedolomite. Coarsely to very coarsely crystalline, subhedral to euhedral calcite cement is restricted in the dedolomite. The petrographic features, isotopic compositions and homogenization temperatures, coupled with the burial history of the Winnipegosis Formation, constrain the precipitation of the calcite cement from a mixing of basinal brines and fresh groundwater during Late Cretaceous to Neogene time. The more negative C‐isotopic signatures of the calcite cement (?5·3‰ to ?2·3‰ VPDB) probably reflect a hydrocarbon‐derived carbon.     

Electron backscatter diffraction documents randomly orientated c-axes in moonmilk calcite fibres: evidence for biologically induced precipitation

Moonmilk represents a conspicuous but controversially discussed precipitate of cave settings. Here, new electron backscatter diffraction microscopic and petrographic evidence on the origin of moonmilk calcite is presented. Calcite fibres in a moonmilk mat from the walls of an active cave (Tunnel‐Cave) in Devonian massive limestones in the northern part of the Rhenish Massif (Germany) show orientations of the crystallographic c‐axis independent of the morphological fibre orientation. This observation and the morphology of the fibres are in agreement with microbially induced, as opposed to abiogenic, calcite precipitation. Carbon‐isotope data are higher (1·9 to 3·3‰) than those commonly measured regionally in speleothem calcite (stalagmites, stalactites and flowstones), an observation attributed to kinetic effects. In combination, these findings add independent evidence to the complex interplay of inorganic and bio‐induced carbonate precipitation in cave environments.     

Global Radiation and Onset of Stratification as Forcing Factors of Seasonal Carbonate and Organic Matter Flux Dynamics in a Hypertrophic Hardwater Lake (Sacrower See,Northeastern Germany)

A 2-year (October 2003–October 2005) high-resolution sediment trap study was conducted in Sacrower See, a dimictic hardwater lake in northeastern Germany. Geochemical and diatom data from sediment trap samples were compared with a broad range of limnological and meteorological parameters to quantify the impact of single parameters on biochemical calcite precipitation and organic matter production. Our goals were to disentangle how carbonaceous varves and their sublaminae form during the annual cycle to better understand the palaeorecords and to detect influences of dissolution, resuspension as well as of global radiation and stratification on lake internal particle formation. Total particle fluxes in both investigated years were highest during spring and summer. Sedimentation was dominated by autochthonous organic matter and biochemically precipitated calcite. Main calcite precipitation occurred between April and July and was preceded and followed by smaller flux peaks caused by resuspension during winter and blooms of the calcified green algae Phacotus lenticularis during summer. In some of the trap intervals during summer up to 100% of the precipitated calcite was dissolved in the hypolimnion. High primary production due to stable insolation conditions in epilimnic waters began with stratification of the water column. Start and development of stratification is closely related to air and water surface temperatures. It is assumed that global radiation influences the onset and stability of water column stratification and thereby determining the intensity of primary production and consequently of timing and amount of calcite precipitation which is triggered by phytoplanktonic CO₂ consumption. Sediment fluxes of organic matter and calcite are also related to the winter NAO-Index. Therefore these fluxes will be used as a proxy for ongoing reconstruction of Holocene climate conditions.     

云南富乐铅锌矿床碳酸盐矿物化学特征及其对成矿作用的指示

富乐铅锌矿床位于川滇黔铅锌矿集区东南部,该区域是我国重要的铅锌银及分散元素成矿带。该矿床的形成分为早成矿期、主成矿期和晚成矿期。应用电子探针和LA-ICPMS原位分析技术,测定了不同期次白云石和方解石的主-微量元素组成。研究表明,白云石和方解石具有不显著的Eu异常向正Eu异常和强负Ce异常向弱负Ce异常演化的趋势,表明硫化物和白云石的沉淀是由于流体氧逸度和温度降低,成矿时流体环境从碱性变为中性再到弱酸性导致的。从成矿早期到成矿晚期,Fe和Mn呈下降趋势,碱性环境下Fe和Mn进入到碳酸盐矿物中,而在酸性环境下Fe和Mn会被释放到流体中,说明由于交代作用的由强变弱,其成矿环境是从碱性为主向以酸性为主演变的;从早到晚Sr呈上升趋势,可能表示热液-围岩不断的反应使得围岩中的Sr不断的被释放到流体中。Fe-Sr图解和Mn-Sr图解表明,成矿过程存在两种流体的混合。综合以上研究,本文认为富乐铅锌矿床可能是由氧化、酸性的富含金属的流体与还原、碱性的亏损金属的流体混合导致矿质沉淀形成的。     

柠檬酸对石灰岩溶蚀动力模拟及岩溶意义

柠檬酸对未清洗的石灰岩颗粒(直径0.15～0.25mm)的溶蚀模拟试验表明,石灰岩溶蚀释放的钙离子量呈对数式增加。随柠檬酸浓度(10mg /l, 50mg /l,100mg /l)的增加,溶液的初始pH依次降低,而石灰岩颗粒溶出的钙离子依次升高,它们分别是去离子水溶出量的1.77、4.25、5.03倍。100mg /l柠檬酸, 10×10- 2atmCO2 和50mg /l柠檬酸+5×10-2atm CO2 对石灰岩微颗粒的溶蚀释放的钙离子量大致相当。这表明有机酸亦是岩溶动力系统重要的驱动力。