Processing of strong-motion accelerograms: needs, options and consequences

Recordings from strong-motion accelerographs are of fundamental importance in earthquake engineering, forming the basis for all characterizations of ground shaking employed for seismic design. The recordings, particularly those from analog instruments, invariably contain noise that can mask and distort the ground-motion signal at both high and low frequencies. For any application of recorded accelerograms in engineering seismology or earthquake engineering, it is important to identify the presence of this noise in the digitized time-history and its influence on the parameters that are to be derived from the records. If the parameters of interest are affected by noise then appropriate processing needs to be applied to the records, although it must be accepted from the outset that it is generally not possible to recover the actual ground motion over a wide range of frequencies. There are many schemes available for processing strong-motion data and it is important to be aware of the merits and pitfalls associated with each option. Equally important is to appreciate the effects of the procedures on the records in order to avoid errors in the interpretation and use of the results. Options for processing strong-motion accelerograms are presented, discussed and evaluated from the perspective of engineering application.     

利用地球化学测井-密度测井建立的孔隙度解释模型及其校正分析

地球化学测井能给出二十余种元素的含量,根据矿物组合模型、元素含量与矿物的转换关系可以得到岩石的矿物种类及其百分含量,然后得出比较准确的岩石骨架密度。由骨架密度、体积密度、流体密度联合建立孔隙度解释模型。由于骨架密度和体积密度均是动态变量,且都包含有碎屑、杂基、胶结物组分,模型中参数的地质含义和应用条件相互统一,从而使得计算的孔隙度值更加准确。     

Generation of a consistent absolute phase-center correction model for GPS receiver and satellite antennas

The development and numerical values of the new absolute phase-center correction model for GPS receiver and satellite antennas, as adopted by the International GNSS (global navigation satellite systems) Service, are presented. Fixing absolute receiver antenna phase-center corrections to robot-based calibrations, the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ) and the Technische Universität München reprocessed more than 10 years of GPS data in order to generate a consistent set of nadir-dependent phase-center variations (PCVs) and offsets in the z-direction pointing toward the Earth for all GPS satellites in orbit during that period. The agreement between the two solutions estimated by independent software packages is better than 1 mm for the PCVs and about 4 cm for the z-offsets. In addition, the long time-series facilitates the study of correlations of the satellite antenna corrections with several other parameters such as the global terrestrial scale or the orientation of the orbital planes with respect to the Sun. Finally, completely reprocessed GPS solutions using different phase-center correction models demonstrate the benefits from switching from relative to absolute antenna phase-center corrections. For example, tropospheric zenith delay biases between GPS and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), as well as the drift of the terrestrial scale, are reduced and the GPS orbit consistency is improved.     

华东沿海ASCAT反演风速的检验和订正

基于2010—2014年ASCAT反演风速、华东沿海14个浮标站和浙江沿海249个自动气象站资料,对华东沿海ASCAT反演风速进行检验和订正。研究表明:站点ASCAT风速误差不仅与离岸距离相关,而且与站点周围地形有关,误差较大的5个浮标站均位于舟山群岛附近海区,平均偏大4.79 m·s-1,其他海区浮标站的ASCAT反演风速平均偏差仅为0.46 m·s-1。ASCAT反演风速与浮标站风速的线性回归可有效减小反演风速误差,订正后误差大幅减小,误差越大的站点订正效果越好。相距160 km内的浮标站点间风速误差呈正相关,且站点间距越小,误差正相关越明显。考虑带影响半径的反距离权重,采用邻站方程订正法和邻站误差订正法分别对华东沿海ASCAT反演风速进行订正,均能明显减小平均偏差和均方根误差,两种方法订正效果接近,即两种方法均有较好的订正效果,可用于实际业务。     

QZSS L6E增强服务改正数支持的PPP性能评估

准天顶卫星系统目前利用QZS-2~QZS-43颗卫星播发L6E信号,为东亚和大洋洲地区用户提供实时的增强服务。该文分析了L6E信号结构及轨道和钟差的计算模型,研究了目前L6E信号的覆盖范围和可用性,评估了L6E改正数恢复的卫星轨道和钟差及其用于动态PPP的精度水平。结果表明:我国用户在使用15°截止高度角时L6E信号仍有100%的可用性;L6E改正数恢复的GPS和GLONASS卫星轨道的3D RMS平均值分别为5.3和13.9 cm,卫星钟差的STD平均值分别为0.14和0.22 ns,利用GPS卫星的轨道和钟差进行的动态PPP可以获得水平优于10 cm、高程优于15 cm的精度,在加入GLONASS卫星后,东方向和高程方向定位误差和收敛时间均有明显改善。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000510

In this paper,we analyze lithospheric density distribution of China and surrounding regions on the basis of 300300gravity data and 1 1 P-wave velocity data.Firstly,we used the empirical equation between the density and the P-wave velocity difference as the base of the initial model of the Asian lithospheric density.Secondly,we calculated the gravity anomaly,caused by the Moho discontinuity and the sedimentary layer discontinuity,by the Parker formula.Thirdly,the gravity anomaly of the spherical harmonics with 2e40 order for the anomalous body below the lithosphere is calculated based on the model of EGM96.Finally,by using Algebra Reconstruction Techniques(ART),the inversion of 300300residual lithospheric Bouguer gravity anomaly caused by the lithosphere yields a rather detailed structural model.The results show that the lithospheric density distribution of China and surrounding regions has a certain connection with the tectonic structure.The density is relatively high in the Philippine Sea plate,Japan Sea,the Indian plate,the Kazakhstan shield and the Western Siberia plain,whereas the Tibetan Plateau has low-density characteristics.The minimum value of density lies in the north of Philippines,in the Taiwan province and in the Ryukyu island arc.     

BDS+GPS手持机支持下的网格伪距差分定位

我国各省CORS站建设逐步完善,以及我国BDS卫星导航系统在亚太区域提供服务,促进了BDS+GPS双模融合伪距差分定位的研究和发展。目前,在PC机上伪距差分定位早已实现,且算法也已经比较成熟,但在移动终端上进行BDS+GPS双模融合伪距差分定位向用户提供服务方面还比较薄弱,针对这一问题,本文提出了将网格伪距差分定位算法嵌入到手持机,并且实现了手持机实时网格伪距差分定位。本文阐述了方法原理并进行了车载试验分析,结果表明,在与TBC软件动态解算结果作为已知准确值的外符合精度方面,手持机BDS+GPS双模融合网格伪距差分定位结果的水平精度为0.522 1 m,在水平方向上可以达到亚米级定位精度。     

利用布格重力资料研究华北裂陷盆地地壳结构特征

通过对华北地区1∶50万布格重力资料进行小波多尺度分析,得到自地表至莫霍面不同空间尺度范围内地质体产生的重力异常。讨论各阶小波变换细节特性及相应地质构造特征认为,华北裂陷盆地的隆起、坳陷与重力异常的高、低存在明显的对应关系,并给出了它们的下延深度。分析结果显示,华北裂陷盆地内深大断裂两侧岩石密度存在较大差异。采用帕克法反演得到华北地区莫霍界面深度在29～42 km范围内,在太行山与华北平原交界地区存在明显的地壳厚度变化梯级带。