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排序方式: 共有308条查询结果,搜索用时 312 毫秒
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Oliver Wetter Christian Pfister Rolf Weingartner Jürg Luterbacher Tom Reist Jürg Trösch 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):733-758
Abstract The magnitudes of the largest known floods of the River Rhine in Basel since 1268 were assessed using a hydraulic model drawing on a set of pre-instrumental evidence and daily hydrological measurements from 1808. The pre-instrumental evidence, consisting of flood marks and documentary data describing extreme events with the customary reference to specific landmarks, was “calibrated” by comparing it with the instrumental series for the overlapping period between the two categories of evidence (1808–1900). Summer (JJA) floods were particularly frequent in the century between 1651–1750, when precipitation was also high. Severe winter (DJF) floods have not occurred since the late 19th century despite a significant increase in winter precipitation. Six catastrophic events involving a runoff greater than 6000 m 3 s‐1 are documented prior to 1700. They were initiated by spells of torrential rainfall of up to 72 h (1480 event) and preceded by long periods of substantial precipitation that saturated the soils, and/or by abundant snowmelt. All except two (1999 and 2007) of the 43 identified severe events (SEs: defined as having runoff > 5000 and < 6000 m 3 s ‐1) occurred prior to 1877. Not a single SE is documented from 1877 to 1998. The intermediate 121-year-long “flood disaster gap” is unique over the period since 1268. The effect of river regulations (1714 for the River Kander; 1877 for the River Aare) and the building of reservoirs in the 20th century upon peak runoff were investigated using a one-dimensional hydraulic flood-routing model. Results show that anthropogenic effects only partially account for the “flood disaster gap” suggesting that variations in climate should also be taken into account in explaining these features. Citation Wetter, O., Pfister, C., Weingartner, R., Luterbacher, J., Reist, T., & Trösch, J. (2011) The largest floods in the High Rhine basin since 1268 assessed from documentary and instrumental evidence. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(5), 733–758. 相似文献
264.
The Andaman arc in the northeastern Indian Ocean defines nearly 1100 km long active plate margin between the India and Burma plates where an oblique Benioff zone develops down to 200 km depth. Several east-trending seismologic sections taken across the Andaman Benioff Zone (ABZ) are presented here to detail the subduction zone geometry in a 3-D perspective. The slab gravity anomaly, computed from the 3-D ABZ configuration, is a smooth, long-wavelength and symmetric gravity high of 85 mGal amplitude centering to the immediate east of the Nicobar Island, where, a prominent gravity “high” follows the Nicobar Deep. The Slab-Residual Gravity Anomaly (SRGA) and Mantle Bouguer Anomaly (MBA) maps prepared for the Andaman plate margin bring out a double-peaked SRGA “low” in the range of − 150 to − 240 mGal and a wider-cum-larger MBA “low” having the amplitude of − 280 to − 315 mGal demarcating the Andaman arc–trench system. The gravity models provide evidences for structural control in propagating the rupture within the lithosphere. The plate margin configuration below the Andaman arc is sliced by the West Andaman Fault (WAF) as well as by a set of sympathetic faults of various proportions, often cutting across the fore-arc sediment package. Some of these fore-arc thrust faults clearly give rise to considerably high post-seismic activity, but the seismic incidence along the WAF further east is comparatively much less particularly in the north, although, the lack of depth resolution for many of the events prohibits tracing the downward continuity of these faults. Tectonic correlation of the gravity-derived models presented here tends to favour the presence of oceanic crust below the Andaman–Nicobar Outer Arc Ridge. 相似文献
265.
为了消除影响北斗系统高精度导航服务性能的多路径误差,文章基于实测数据提取多路径误差并分析其所具有的特性,探讨不同定位解算方式中的多路径误差消除策略。结果表明,多路径误差实时改正后的单点定位结果相比原数据解算结果有明显提高;基于北斗多路径误差周期的恒星日滤波算法消除了部分周期误差,基线解算坐标时间序列的精度有了明显的提高。这两种针对多路径误差的改正方法可以为北斗系统数据处理提供参考。 相似文献
266.
Accurate Determination of Sr Isotopic Compositions in Clinopyroxene and Silicate Glasses by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS
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Xirun Tong Yongsheng Liu Zhaochu Hu Haihong Chen Lian Zhou Qinghai Hu Rong Xu Lixu Deng Chunfei Chen Lu Yang Shan Gao 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2016,40(1):85-99
The low‐Sr content (generally < 100 μg g?1) in clinopyroxene from peridotite makes accurate Sr isotopic determination by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS a challenge. The effects of adding N2 to the sample gas and using a guard electrode (GE) on instrumental sensitivity for Sr isotopic determination by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS were investigated. Results revealed no significant sensitivity enhancement of Sr by adding N2 to the ICP. Although using a GE led to a two‐fold sensitivity enhancement, it significantly increased the yield of polyatomic ion interferences of Ca‐related ions and TiAr+ on Sr isotopes. Applying the method established in this work, 87Sr/86Sr ratios (Rb/Sr < 0.14) of natural clinopyroxene from mantle and silicate glasses were accurately measured with similar measurement repeatability (0.0009–0.00006, 2SE) to previous studies but using a smaller spot size of 120 μm and low‐to‐moderate Sr content (30–518 μg g?1). The measurement reproducibility was 0.0004 (2s, n = 33) for a sample with 100 μg g?1 Sr. Destruction of the crystal structure by sample fusion showed no effect on Sr isotopic determination. Synthesised glasses with major element compositions similar to natural clinopyroxene have the potential to be adopted as reference materials for Sr isotopic determination by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. 相似文献
267.
月球重力异常及其计算方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从物理意义角度出发,尝试给出了合理的月球重力异常的计算方法,并且分析了其影响因素。最后得到物理意义明确的月球全球布格重力异常,并对其进行了初步的地质解释。 相似文献
268.
269.
Surface turbulent flux measurements over the Loess Plateau for a semi-arid climate change study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In order to provide high quality data for climate change studies, the data quality of turbulent flux measurements at the station
of SACOL (Semi-Arid Climate & Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University), which is located on a semi-arid grassland over
the Loess Plateau in China, has been analyzed in detail. The effects of different procedures of the flux corrections on CO2, momentum, and latent and sensible heat fluxes were assessed. The result showed that coordinate rotation has a great influence
on the momentum flux but little on scalar fluxes. For coordinate rotation using the planar fit method, different regression
planes should be determined for different wind direction sectors due to the heterogeneous nature of the ground surface. Sonic
temperature correction decreased the sensible heat flux by about 9%, while WPL correction (correction for density fluctuations)
increased the latent heat flux by about 10%. WPL correction is also particularly important for CO2 fluxes. Other procedures of flux corrections, such as the time delay correction and frequency response correction, do not
significantly influence the turbulent fluxes. Furthermore, quality tests on stationarity and turbulence development conditions
were discussed. Parameterizations of integral turbulent characteristics (ITC) were tested and a specific parameterization
scheme was provided for SACOL. The ITC test on turbulence development conditions was suggested to be applied only for the
vertical velocity. The combined results of the quality tests showed that about 62%–65% of the total data were of high quality
for the latent heat flux and CO2 flux, and as much as about 76% for the sensible heat flux. For the momentum flux, however, only about 35% of the data were
of high quality. 相似文献
270.
R. Vasundhara 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1991,12(1):69-87
Results of the observations of mutual eclipses of Galilean satellites observed from the Vainu Bappu Observatory during 1985
are presented. Theoretical models assuming a uniform disc, Lambert’s law and Lommel-Seeliger’s law describing the scattering
characteristics of the surface of the eclipsed satellite were used to fit the observations. Light curves of the 1E2 event
on 1985 September 24 and the 3E1 event on 1985 October 24 observed from VBO and published light curves of the 1E2 event on
1985 September 14, the 3E1 event on 1985 September 26 and the 2E1 event on 1985 October 28 (Arlotet al 1989) were fitted with theoretical light curves using Marquardt’s algorithm. The best fitting was obtained using Lommel-Seeliger’s
law to describe the scattering over the surface of Io and Europa. During the fitting, a parameterδxshift which shifts the theoretical light curve along the direction of relative motion of the eclipsed satellite with respect
to the shadow centre, on the sky plane (as seen from the Sun) was determined along with the impact parameter. In absence of
other sources like prominent surface features or non perfect sky conditions which could lead to asymmetric light curves,δxshift would be a measure of the phase correction (Aksnes, Franklin & Magnusson 1986) with an accuracy as that of the midtime.
Heliocentric Δα cos (δ) and gDδ at mid times derived from fitted impact parameters are reported 相似文献