The effects of fin rot disease and sampling method on blood chemistry and hematocrit measurements of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus from New Haven Harbor (1987--1990)

Winter flounder from New Haven, Connecticut were evaluated for fin rot disease. Blood samples collected from healthy and diseased fish were used to measure bilirubin, calcium, hematocrit, inorganic phosphorus, osmolality, and total protein. Blood measurements were significantly affected by the presence of fin rot disease and by sampling mode (bled immediately or after 18 h). A reduction in blood chemistry values was associated with fin rot disease. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify explanatory variables contributing to the fin rot outcome in winter flounder. Blood constituent levels were higher in fish bled immediately versus 18 h post-capture, especially among fish without fin rot, suggesting that a waiting period is necessary for blood values to stabilize following initial sampling stress. This study presents evidence that winter flounder blood chemistry and hematocrit measurements are affected by fin rot disease.     

Modelling raindrop impact and splash erosion processes within a spatial cell: a stochastic approach

A new approach is proposed to simulate splash erosion on local soil surfaces. Without the effect of wind and other raindrops, the impact of free‐falling raindrops was considered as an independent event from the stochastic viewpoint. The erosivity of a single raindrop depending on its kinetic energy was computed by an empirical relationship in which the kinetic energy was expressed as a power function of the equivalent diameter of the raindrop. An empirical linear function combining the kinetic energy and soil shear strength was used to estimate the impacted amount of soil particles by a single raindrop. Considering an ideal local soil surface with size of 1 m × 1 m, the expected number of received free‐falling raindrops with different diameters per unit time was described by the combination of the raindrop size distribution function and the terminal velocity of raindrops. The total splash amount was seen as the sum of the impact amount by all raindrops in the rainfall event. The total splash amount per unit time was subdivided into three different components, including net splash amount, single impact amount and re‐detachment amount. The re‐detachment amount was obtained by a spatial geometric probability derived using the Poisson function in which overlapped impacted areas were considered. The net splash amount was defined as the mass of soil particles collected outside the splash dish. It was estimated by another spatial geometric probability in which the average splashed distance related to the median grain size of soil and effects of other impacted soil particles and other free‐falling raindrops were considered. Splash experiments in artificial rainfall were carried out to validate the availability and accuracy of the model. Our simulated results suggested that the net splash amount and re‐detachment amount were small parts of the total splash amount. Their proportions were 0·15% and 2·6%, respectively. The comparison of simulated data with measured data showed that this model could be applied to simulate the soil‐splash process successfully and needed information of the rainfall intensity and original soil properties including initial bulk intensity, water content, median grain size and some empirical constants related to the soil surface shear strength, the raindrop size distribution function and the average splashed distance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High blood lead level among the Mahayana Buddhist monk: a note for environmental implication

Lead has no biological function and is one of the most toxic metals. Of several heavy metals, monitoring of lead is an important focus in occupational medicine. In exposure and risk evaluation, monitoring lead biologically has several advantages over technical exposure assessment. In this article, the authors report a very high blood lead level among the Mahayana Buddhist monks. This is a forgotten high-risk population. The environmental implication in the monitoring and controlling of this population is raised.     

花尾胡椒鲷血细胞在光镜和扫描电镜下的结构

以花尾胡椒鲷血细胞进行光镜及扫描电镜观察。结果在血涂片中可分辨出红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞与血栓细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,以淋巴细胞的比例最高,嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少。在扫描电镜下,红细胞椭圆形,表面光滑,无突起：而各种白细胞为圆形,细胞表面不平,具有各种突起,提示白细胞具有活跃的变形运动和吞噬能力。还见到红细胞、血栓细胞可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。     

凡纳滨对虾血淋巴、类淋巴细胞培养

以 ×L-15 培养基为基础,添加不同比例的胎牛血清和对虾肌肉提取液配制成不同的培养液,当 22×L-15培养基、胎牛血清和对虾肌肉提取液的比例分别为 60 %、20 %、20 %时,培养效果较好。培养液 pH 维持在7.0 ~ 7.2时血淋巴和类淋巴细胞生长最好,且类淋巴细胞迁出迅速。绝大部分血淋巴细胞贴壁迅速并伸展成多角样或披针形,一般存活 7 ~ 9 d,少部分呈悬浮状态的血淋巴细胞存活达 60 d 以上。培养中如未及时去除对虾血清,血淋巴细胞迅速衰老并死亡。类淋巴组织细胞 6 d可形成单层,迁出细胞主要有两种形态: 多角样和成纤维样,细胞可存活 16 d以上。     

超重力场中界面土压力的测量

测量诸如孔隙水压力、位移和载荷等物理量能够达到相当高的精度,但土压力的测量则困难得多。在吸取了国内外同行经验后,为离心模型试验设计研制了一种微型土压力盒,主要用于土与结构物界面土压力的测量。水压力、干砂压力和砂土压力三种标定结果表明,这种微型土压力盒的线性度良好;在研究地下连续墙的侧向土压力分布的离心模型试验中,根据这种微型土压力盒的测试结果,获得了合理的侧压力系数。     

分子生物学技术在赤潮毒素分析监测中的应用

有毒赤潮事件的频繁爆发,不仅对海洋生物及自然资源造成了极大的危害,还严重威胁到公众健康。因此,各国都在积极寻求快速灵敏的检测方法,加强对赤潮毒素的分析及监测。现代分子生物学技术的发展为新型快速检测方法的建立提供了可能。对利用分子生物学技术对赤潮毒素进行检测的几种方法——全细胞PCR法、DNA探针法及信使基因细胞受体法进行了讨论。这些新技术旨在检测出环境中的痕量赤潮毒素和有害生物,杜绝赤潮毒素或有毒藻进入到食物链,从而最大限度保护公众健康、水环境及自然资源。     

6-O-羧甲基壳多糖的细胞毒性效应研究

采用溶血试验和细胞毒性试验研究6 -O-羧甲基壳多糖的细胞毒性效应,结果表明：1% 浓度的6-O-羧甲基壳多糖对红细胞溶 血率小于5%,说明该材料无溶血现象。以手术缝合线和500μg/mL的苯酚为对照研究不同分 子量的6-O-羧甲基壳多糖分别在1000μg/mL和2000μg/mL浓度下对大白鼠皮肤成纤维细胞 生长的影响,经过2d,4d,7d细胞培养,细胞增殖率均大于100%,说明该材料对成纤维细胞 无毒性效应且对大白鼠皮肤成纤维细胞有促进生长的作用,分子量越小促生长作用越强,随 着培养时间延长促生长作用亦增强。此研究在一定程度上证明,6-O-羧甲基壳多糖作为医 用生物材料在细胞毒性方面是安全的。     

牙鲆外周血细胞显微及亚显微结构的研究

实验研究牙鲆外周血细胞显微及亚显微结构 。光镜观察显示,牙鲆外周血中包括六种类型的血细胞：红细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单 核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞,未见嗜碱性粒细胞;淋巴细胞的体积最小,单核细 胞的体积最大;在白细胞中,淋巴细胞数量最多,嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少;此外,还可见到 正在分裂的血栓细胞,说明血栓细胞可在外周血液中经直接分裂产生。电镜研究结果表明, 牙鲆红细胞的细胞质均匀,有少量线粒体和囊泡以及大量的极细颗粒;淋巴细胞核大且中位 、胞质中含较多的游离核糖体,胞体具有短伪足;单核细胞的核偏位且形态不规则,胞质中 有内吞泡和较多的细胞器;颗粒白细胞可根据颗粒的不同形态分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种类型。同时,对牙鲆血细胞结构与功能的关系进行了较系统的探讨。     

紧密角管藻生活史中三类细胞的形态结构

通过光学和扫描电子显微镜观察紧密角管藻（Cerataulina compac-ta）的细胞、休眠孢子和复大孢子壳壁的形态结构。结果表明,该藻生活史出现的在类细胞,它们的形态结构特征有明显判别。其中,休眠孢子还分有无性和有性形成的两种类型,它们的形态结构有相似之处,也有区别,且具多样性。以上三类细胞的形态结构特征显示各自的形态与其生理功能和生态适应相统一。