上海青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达和南汇WSR-88D雷达数据对比分析

上海青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达和南汇WSR 88D雷达型号不同,并且采用不同的双偏振技术升级方案,实际业务运行中2部雷达存在一定的数据偏差。为了对雷达的探测性能进行定量评估,在共同探测区域遴选2022年7—9月及2023年6月共30个过程3933个时次数据,以稳定性降水与对流性降水分类并按强度分级进行对比,评估了反射率因子ZH,差分反射率ZDR,相关系数CC和差分传播相移ΦDP的水平分布特征及随方位变化趋势,雷达灵敏度随仰角变化趋势以及ZH和ZDR偏差的定量统计。结果表明：2部雷达ZH的观测结果接近,青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达的ZH,CC和ΦDP受地物及避雷针影响较大,随方位变化不稳定,青浦CINRAD/SAD雷达在低层的非气象回波滤除效果较南汇WSR 88D雷达差。2部雷达ZH和ZDR的偏差在ZH大于40 dBz的区域较大,ZH平均偏差为0.9 dB,ZDR为-0.14 dB。本文基于台风、冰雹、短时强降水和梅雨降水数据,定量化评估了上海2部S波段双偏振天气雷达数据之间的差异,为后续算法改进以及数据订正提供参考。     

Comparisons of several evaporation/precipitation datasets for the Bohai Sea based on salinity simulation

Evaporation (E) rate and precipitation (P) rate are two significant meteorological elements required in the ocean baroclinic modeling as external forcings. However, there are some uncertainties in the currently used E/P rates datasets, especially in terms of the data quality. In this study, we collected E/P rates data from ERA-40, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, HOAPS for the Bohai Sea and nine routine stations around Laizhou Bay, and made comparisons among them. It was found that the differences in E/P rates between land and sea are remarkable, which was due to the difference in underlying surfaces. Therefore, the traditional way of using E/P rates acquired on land directly at sea is not correct. Since no final conclusion has been reached concerning the net water transport between the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is unfeasible to judge the adequacy of the four kinds of data by using the water budget equation. However, the E/P rates at ERA-40 sea points were considered to be the optimal in terms of temporal/spatial coverage and resolution for the hindcast of salinity variation in the Bohai Sea. Besides, using the 3-D hydrodynamic model HAMSOM (HAMburg Shelf Ocean Model), we performed numerical experiments with different E/P datasets and found that the E/P rates at sea points from ERA-40 dataset are better than those from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis dataset. If NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis E/P rates are to be used, they need to be adjusted and tested prior to simulation so that more close-to-reality salinity values can be reproduced.     

高精度高性价比的GPS定向仪的设计

介绍了一种高精度、高性价比的GPS定位定向仪的设计及实现（〈1mil,2σ）方法,系统利用了实际应用中的有利约束条件,对基于LAMBDA方法的载波相位整周模糊度解算算法进行了改进,经过系统工程设计,在实际应用中实现了单频、高精度、快速定向数据的输出。可以满足绝大多数环境下的使用需求,大大降低了系统成本。     

Accuracy assessment of digital elevation models by means of robust statistical methods

Measures for the accuracy assessment of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are discussed and characteristics of DEMs derived from laser scanning and automated photogrammetry are presented. Such DEMs are very dense and relatively accurate in open terrain. Built-up and wooded areas, however, need automated filtering and classification in order to generate terrain (bare earth) data when Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) have to be produced. Automated processing of the raw data is not always successful. Systematic errors and many outliers at both methods (laser scanning and digital photogrammetry) may therefore be present in the data sets. We discuss requirements for the reference data with respect to accuracy and propose robust statistical methods as accuracy measures. Their use is illustrated by application at four practical examples. It is concluded that measures such as median, normalized median absolute deviation, and sample quantiles should be used in the accuracy assessment of such DEMs. Furthermore, the question is discussed how large a sample size is needed in order to obtain sufficiently precise estimates of the new accuracy measures and relevant formulae are presented.     

改进的P-SVM支持向量机与遥感数据分类

本文介绍了将P-SVM算法引入多光谱/高分辨率遥感数据的分类, 并且展示了卫星ASTER和航空ADS40数字影像分类的技术过程和结果验证。结果表明：P-SVM方法的分类精度不低于SVM, 并减少了时耗。     

Regional and temporal changes in bivalve diversity off the south coast of Portugal

From 2000 to 2006, a total of 75 bivalve species were identified, varying from 29 (spring 2001) to 54 species (spring 2005) per year. Seasonal tendencies in diversity varied according the year, thus the interpretation of long-term and regional scales is essential before drawing any conclusions in other studies. Richness and diversity consistently decreased with depth and increased with sediment grain size (from low in very coarse sand to high in coarse silt). Diversity decreased progressively from 3 to 16 m depth, thus the harsher shallower environments (due to waves and tidal air exposure) showed greater diversity than the most stable areas. Communities in finer sediments were more diverse than those in coarser sand. Evenness showed patterns opposite to diversity, overall.Diversity and evenness maps (produced with multivariate universal kriging), showed that most geographic areas with greater diversity were farer from river outflows and wastewater treatment plants. Two types of geographic pattern were observed: areas with persistently greater bivalve diversity through time and areas that changed locally from year to year. This spatial analysis can be used to establish priority conservation areas for management purposes, and to analyse the persistency of regional diversity patterns. The area with most habitat heterogeneity (Sotavento) corresponded to greatest diversity.There was a positive relationship between Spisula solida and Chamelea gallina landings and bivalve diversity 2 years and 1 year later, respectively. Possibly, local fisheries, by selectively withdrawing the commercial numerically dominant species from the ecosystem, increased diversity 1 to 2 years later, as the ecological niches of the dominants are quickly filled by several other species thereby creating a more even community. On regional scales, no significant impact was found on long-term bivalve diversity in local fisheries,     

Perturbed solution of sea-air oscillator for the E1 Ni(n)o/La Ni(n)a-Southern Oscillation mechanism

A class of coupled system of the E1 Ni(n)o/La Ni(n)a-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mechanism is studied. Using the perturbed theory, the asymptotic expansions of the solution for ENSO model are obtained and the asymptotic behavior of solution for corresponding problem is considered.     

The divergent environmental characteristics of permanently-open,seasonally-open and normally-closed estuaries of south-western Australia

This study has compared the environmental characteristics of the basins and saline lower reaches of the tributaries of eight estuaries on the south coast of Western Australia, which differ in their degree of connectivity with the ocean. Although four estuaries between 115.1° and 121.8° E along that coast remain permanently open to the ocean, the others only become open when the volume of river discharge is sufficient to breach the prominent sand bars at their mouths, which occurs annually following heavy winter and early spring rainfall in some estuaries (seasonally open) and infrequently in others (normally closed). Estuaries to the west of 118.5° E are predominantly permanently open, e.g. Oyster Harbour, or seasonally open, e.g. Broke, Irwin and Wilson inlets, whereas those further east, e.g. Wellstead Estuary and Hamersley, Culham and Stokes inlets, where annual rainfall and thus discharge are much lower, only become open after exceptionally heavy discharge. In permanently and seasonally-open estuaries, pronounced haloclines and oxyclines are present in the narrow rivers but not the wide basins where the waters are subjected to wind-driven mixing. The extent of cyclical seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions differed markedly among the three seasonally-open estuaries and between years in one of those systems. These differences reflected variations in the relationship between the volume of fluvial discharge, which is determined by a combination of the amount of local rainfall, catchment size and extent of clearing of native vegetation, and the amount of intrusion by marine waters, which is largely controlled by the size and duration of the opening of the estuary mouth. The mean seasonal salinities in the basins of the three normally-closed estuaries increased over three years of very low rainfall to 64 in the deepest of these estuaries (Stokes Inlet) to 145 in Hamersley Inlet and to 296 in the shallowest estuary (Culham Inlet). These results demonstrate that the environmental characteristics of estuaries on the south coast of Western Australia differ markedly, even among those of the same type, e.g. seasonally-open estuaries or normally-closed estuaries.     

有棘无棘两种表型栉江珧28S和COI基因序列差异的比较

在形态学分析的基础上,对有棘和无棘两种不同表型栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)的28S rDNA和COI基因片段进行序列分析比较.结果显示这两种表型的DNA序列差异很小,28S rDNA(1 075 bp)无差异,而COI(659 bp)碱基差异最大为1.5%,不能提供这两种表型的栉江珧划分为两个种的证据.     

半滑舌鳎病原鳗利斯顿氏菌表型及分子特征研究

2008年12月,江苏赣榆某渔场养殖半滑舌鳎出现大量死亡,症状主要表现为:头部、鳃盖及鳍基出血,尾鳍腐烂,腹腔膨胀并积有大量腹水,部分病鱼肠管脱出肛外。从病鱼肝脏、腹水中分离出大量优势生长的细菌,人工感染试验证明其对半滑舌鳎有较强的致病性。对3株分离菌进行了形态特征、理化特性、胞外酶及溶血素活性等表型生物学性状检验;测定了代表菌株的16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列,分析了16S rRNA和gyrB两种基因序列的同源性,并构建了系统发生树,比较了两种基因对分离菌的鉴定能力;结果表明gyrB基因用于细菌种间鉴定更具优越性;基于16S rRNA和gyrB基因的系统发育学分析表明分离菌与鳗利斯顿氏菌具有高同源性,根据分离菌的表型及分子特征,判定分离菌为利斯顿氏菌属(Listonella MacDonell and Colwell 1986)的鳗利斯顿氏菌[Listonella anguillarum (Bergeman 1909) MacDonell and Colwell 1986]。胞外酶活性及溶血活性检测表明3株分离菌均具有淀粉酶、蛋白酶、卵磷脂酶等胞外酶活性,在含7%家兔脱纤血液营养琼脂培养基上呈β型溶血,PCR检测3株供试菌均可扩增出大小约493 bp的溶血素基因和大小约248bp的金属蛋白酶基因。分离菌的耐药谱测定结果显示,对供试49种抗菌药物中的青霉素G等13种药物耐药,对羧苄青霉素等6种药物存在敏感与耐药的株间差异。