The Use of State-of-the-Art Kites for Profiling the Lower Atmosphere

This paper presents the capabilities and limitations of using state-of-the-art kites for atmospheric research. A brief historical review of the subject is first presented, followed by an outline of the current status of kite-borne measurement technology. The utility of the technique is then illustrated by presenting a series of recent measurements made using kite-borne technology. A summary of the advantages and limitations of kite-based measurements relative to other technologies is provided for reference.     

中国东部夏季季节内降水异常及其伴随的热带和中高纬度大气环流演变特征

利用1981—2020年夏季(5—8月)CPC(Climate Prediction Center)逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料以及NOAA的向外长波辐射资料,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解、超前滞后合成等方法,分析了中国东部夏季季节内降水异常的主要模态(即南方型和江淮型降水异常)及其伴随的热带和中高...     

东亚夏季风年际变率及其与中、高纬度大气环流以及外强迫异常的联系

利用欧洲中心35年(1968-2002年)月平均再分析资料(ERA-40),通过矢量经验正交分析方法,研究了东亚夏季风年际变率的第2、3优势模态及其与中、高纬度大气环流和外强迫异常之间的联系.这两个优势模态均与北半球中、高纬度大气环流异常有密切的关系,累计解释协方差超过了东亚夏季风的第1模态.东亚夏季风变率的第2模态解...     

Measurement of Prandtl Number as a Function of Richardson Number Avoiding Self-Correlation

The empirical dependence of turbulence Prandtl number (Pr) on gradient Richardson number (Ri) is presented, derived so as to avoid the effects of self-correlation from common variables. Linear power relationships between the underlying variables that constitute both Pr and Ri are derived empirically from flux and profile observations. Pr and Ri are then reconstructed from these power laws, to indicate their interdependence whilst avoiding self-correlation. Data are selected according to the stability range prior to regression, and the process is iterated from neutral to higher stability until error analysis indicates the method is no longer valid. A Butterworth function is fitted to the resulting Pr ⁻¹(Ri) regression to give an empirical summary of the analysis. The form suggests that asymptotically Pr ⁻¹ decreases as Ri ^3/2. Scatter in the data increases above Ri ~ 1, however, indicating additional constraints to Pr are not captured by Ri alone in this high stability regime. The Butterworth function is analytic for all Ri > 0, and may be included in suitable boundary-layer parameterisation schemes where the turbulent diffusivity for heat is derived from the turbulent diffusivity for momentum.     

南京郊区大气氮化物浓度和氮沉降通量的研究

为研究南京郊区的大气氮化物污染状况,进而估算其大气氮沉降通量,2005年6月-2006年5月在南京大学浦口校区气象园进行了大气、气溶胶和雨水样本的收集,同步进行近地面气象观测.在实验室分析大气氮化物NOx、NH3和有机氮浓度、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐和有机氮的质量浓度、雨水中NO-3、NO-2、NH+4离子和有机氮的质量浓度,利用气象资料和大叶阻力相似模型计算大气氮化物的干沉降速度,进而定量估算大气氮沉降通量.研究结果表明:南京郊区大气中有机氮浓度水平较高,无机氮(氨态氮和硝态氮)浓度水平较低.大气氮沉降量较大,且湿沉降和有机沉降贡献率占主导地位,这取决于本地区的下垫面和污染状况,同时也与气象条件有密切关系.     

空气污染与大气能见度及环流特征的研究

利用2000年7月—2001年5月兰州逐日污染物浓度及污染综合指数资料,分析了其与能见度的相关性,同时利用1980—2000年冬季兰州能见度的资料,对大气能见度及环流特征量进行了分析,并初步建立了能见度趋势预报方程。结果表明：大气能见度具有明显的日变化;年际变化呈增大趋势,20世纪90年代能见度要明显好于80年代。污染指数与能见度基本呈现负相关。印度副高脊线偏北,东亚大槽明显,即亚洲地区环流经向度大时,大气能见度增加,空气污染程度较轻。     

Uncertainty in the Specification of Surface Characteristics, Part ii: Hierarchy of Interaction-Explicit Statistical Analysis

The uncertainty in the specification of surface characteristics in soil-vegetation- atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) schemes within planetary boundary-layer (PBL) or mesoscale models is addressed. The hypothesis to be tested is whether the errors in the specification of the individual parameters are accumulative or whether they tend to balance each other in the overall sense for the system. A hierarchy of statistical applications is developed: classical one-at-a-time (OAT) approach, level 1; linear analysis of variance (ANOVA), level 1.5; fractional factorial (FF), or level 2; two-factor interaction (TFI) technique, or level 2.5; and a non-linear response surface methodology (RSM), or level 3. Using the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) observations for June 6, 1987 as the initial condition for a SVAT scheme dynamically coupled to a PBL model, the interactions between uncertainty errors are analyzed. A secondary objective addresses the temporal changes in the uncertainty pattern using data for morning, afternoon, and evening conditions. It is found that the outcome from the level 1 OAT-like studies can be considered as the limiting uncertainty values for the majority of mesoscale cases. From the higher-level analyses, it is concluded that for most of the moderate surface scenarios, the effective uncertainty from the individual parameters is balanced and thus lowered. However, for the extreme cases, such as near wilting or saturation soil moisture, the uncertainties add up synergistically and these effects can be even greater than those from the outcomes of the OAT-like studies. Thus, parameter uncertainty cannot be simply related to its deviation alone, but is also dependent on other parameter settings. Also, from the temporal changes in the interaction pattern studies, it is found that, for the morning case soil texture is the important parameter, for afternoon vegetation parameters are crucial, while for the evening case soil moisture is capable of propagating maximum uncertainty in the SVAT processes. Finally, a generic hypothesis is presented that an appropriate question for analysis has to be rephrased from the previous 'which parameters are significant?’ to 'what scenarios make a particular parameter significant?’     

秋季南疆沙漠塔中边界层O_3浓度及影响因子分析

利用2008年10月11～17日的系留气艇探空资料,分析了塔中边界层O3浓度的变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:塔中秋季边界层O3浓度均值为48.7×10-9。在边界层内中午O3浓度随高度升高几乎没有变化;深夜和清晨O3浓度从地面随高度的升高逐渐增大;傍晚O3浓度最大,随高度的升高缓慢减少,达到一定高度后变化均很小。O3浓度随高度变化明显,从1m到700m高度的O3浓度变化分为不稳定型、过渡型和稳定型。根据廓线变化方式分为深夜清晨型、中午型、傍晚型。分析表明,秋季O3浓度与温度、相对湿度、比湿、风速有关。在深夜和清晨出现逆温层,在逆温层内O3浓度较低。O3浓度与相对湿度呈负相关,02:00和08:00的相关性最显著。在深夜和清晨比湿与O3浓度基本上是呈反相的关系。O3浓度与风速的相关性除了深夜相对较高外(R=0.699,n=33,p0.001),其余时间均不太明显。     

人工神经网络法反演晴空大气湿度廓线的研究

高光谱分辨率大气红外探测器AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)作为第一个超高光谱大气红外探测仪,开辟了卫星大气探测的新时代.以无线电探空值与SARTA(Stand-Alone Radiative Transfer Algorithm辐射传输模式)v1.05版的前向模式模拟出的AIRS辐射...     

晴空热对流泡的风廓线雷达探测研究

文中将风廓线雷达和无线电-声探测系统探测资料用于边界层晴空热对流探测研究.结合探测事例分析了晴空热对流的演变过程和热对流对上层空气的加热效应.在热对流初期,对流高度逐渐抬高,伴有较强上升速度的热对流泡逐渐升高的现象.在热对流旺盛期,热泡合并现象明显,不论是上升还是下沉气流瞬时速度都可以超过1 m/s,可以在约2 km的高度范围内形成一致的上升或下沉运动,并形成闭合环流、周期约1 h.在热对流消退期,对流高度逐渐降低,上升运动变得相对和缓并维持较长时间.在热对流过程中,热泡运动造成气层温度的起伏,热泡与周围温度差可以达到2-4℃.探测结果表明风廓线雷达具有很高的灵敏度,可以探测到晴空热对流泡.并且,风廓线雷达资料具有很高的时间和高度分辨率,可以精细刻画热对流泡的时空分布和演变,配合无线电-声探测系统还可以精确探测热泡温度分布及其对周围温度垂直分布的影响.通过对晴空热对流风廓线雷达探测资料的初步分析,在一定程度上拓展和加深了对热对流泡和边界层热对流运动特征的了解.借助风廓线雷达探测可有效改善低层大气探测,有利于开展低层大气动力与热力过程的数值研究,对于中尺度模式、降水预报的改进等具有重要参考作用.