STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLLUTING FOG IN GUANGZHOU AREA IN SPRING

Samples of fog water collected in the area of Guangzhou during February, March and April of 2005 are used in this work to study the chemical composition of fog water in polluting fog there. Three typical episodes of polluting fog are analyzed in terms of ionic concentration and their possible sources. It is found that the concentration of various ions in fog water is much higher than those in rainwater. Fog not only blocks visual range but contains liquid particles that result in high degree of pollution and are very harmful to human health. SO₄⁼ is the anion with the highest concentration in fog water, followed by NO₃^-.For the cation, Ca⁺⁺ and NH₄⁺ are the highest in concentration. It is then known that rainwater is more acidic than fog water, indicating that ionic concentration of fog water is much higher than that of rainwater, but there are much more buffering materials in fog water, like NH₄⁺ and Ca⁺⁺. There is significant enrichment of Ca⁺⁺, SO₄⁼, and Mg⁺⁺ in fog water. In the Guangzhou area, fog water from polluting fog is mainly influenced continental environment and human activity. The episodes of serious fog pollution during the time have immediate relationships with the presence of abundant water vapor and large amount of polluting aerosol particles.     

两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋海温异常特征对比

基于1951—2010年逐月海气多要素观测资料,对比分析了两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋的海温异常及大气响应特征,探讨了印度洋偶极子的发生与两类厄尔尼诺事件特征的可能联系。结果表明,两类厄尔尼诺事件的发展年均会出现印度洋偶极子,但出现的概率不同:大多数东部型厄尔尼诺事件都会伴有正位相印度洋偶极子发生;而仅一半的中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间会出现正位相印度洋偶极子的异常海温型,且强度较弱。从印度洋偶极子与两类厄尔尼诺事件的物理联系上看,东部型厄尔尼诺事件期间,印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度联系密切:印度洋偶极子发生在东部型厄尔尼诺事件较强期间,两者通过海洋大陆的异常强下沉运动及大范围负异常降水相联系;东部型厄尔尼诺事件偏弱时并无印度洋偶极子出现,海洋大陆异常下沉运动及负异常降水很弱。然而,中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度并无显著的关系,而与太平洋高海温区的位置存在一定的可能联系:在有印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季,热带太平洋异常高海温区的位置相对偏东,海洋大陆出现显著下沉运动和大范围负异常降水,热带东印度洋为大范围强异常东风控制;但无印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件时,热带太平洋高海温区位置相对偏西,极弱的海洋大陆下沉支对热带印度洋异常海温作用非常有限。     

1961-2016年北疆冷空气过程变化特征及其环流指数分析

摘要：根据《冷空气过程监测指标》（QX/393-2017）分析1961—2016年北疆单站和区域不同等级冷空气时空变化特征以及环流指数与其相关性。结果表明：北疆单站冷空气频次中等强度冷空气最多，寒潮次多，强冷空气最少；各级冷空气在北疆北部高发，空间差异明显，一半以上站点寒潮减少趋势显著；区域冷空气寒潮最多，中等强度冷空气、强冷空气频次相当，其中寒潮减少速率为0.58次/10a，强冷空气变化不明显，中等强度冷空气增加速率为0.1次/10a；单站和区域寒潮在冬季高发，强冷空气和中等强度冷空气春秋季多发；冷空气初日无明显变化，终日呈推后趋势；不同等级冷空气过程均存在三个长短不一的变化周期，中等强度冷空气、强冷空气存在明显突变，寒潮未出现突变；88个大气环流指数中有27个与北疆不同时期冷空气发生频次显著相关，其中斯堪的纳维亚遥相关型指数偏高北疆地区气温偏低，亚洲区、北半球极涡指数偏大，新疆冬季气温偏低，冷空气发生概率增大，南极涛动指数强年北疆地区冷空气出现频次可能会减少。     

平凉C11井地下流体数字化观测资料的分析

C11井是甘肃唯一一口数字和模拟观测同时并行的地下流体观测井, 2001年9月开始数字观测正式产出资料, 与模拟观测相比, 数字化观测数据信息量大, 传输速度快, 人为误差小。 该文分析了平凉C11井数字化水位、 气压、 水温等测项观测资料。 结果表明, 数字水位动态与模拟水位动态一致性较好、 数字水位与数字气压动态之间相关性较好, 数字水温与模拟水温的动态一致性不如水位好; 数字水位的潮汐效应非常明显, M₂波潮汐因子相当稳定(平均值1.1538), 相对误差较小(平均值0.0215)。     

青藏高原地区大气辐射加热场的季节变化

本文利用美国犹他大学系新近发展的辐射和云参数化模式对青藏高原地区甘孜、那曲、拉萨三站及东部平原地区的南京１９８２年８月－１９８３年７月的辐通量和大气加热率进行了计算，分析研究了高原地区大气辐射场的季节变化特征及其与气候的关系，并对一些主要的影响因子进行了简要的讨论。     

长江三角洲高影响天气演变特征及成因分析

利用1959 2010年长江三角洲国家基本/基准气象站资料以及大气环流资料和区域土地利用变化资料,分析了长江三角洲高影响天气的变化特征及其对大气环流系统变化和区域城市化、土地利用变化的响应。结果表明,1959 2010年间,长江三角洲低温、雷暴、大风、大雾和降雪日数均显著减少,而高温和暴雨日数的变化趋势在统计上不显著;降雪、大雾、雷暴和低温日数发生了减少突变,而高温和暴雨日数发生了增多突变。在空间上,雷暴和大风日数在整个长江三角洲显著减少,低温日数在北部和中部地区显著减少,降雪日数在东部和南部地区显著减少,高温日数仅在江苏南通、上海、杭州湾地区以及浙江东部显著增加。52年间西太平洋副热带高压和北半球环状模(或北极涛动)增强,而北半球极涡及欧亚经向环流减弱,大气环流系统的综合作用导致长江三角洲大风、低温和降雪日数减少和高温日数增加。区域城市化和土地利用变化也在一定程度上导致长江三角洲高温日数增加和大雾、大风日数减少。     

Comparative energetics of ERA-40, JRA-25 and NCEP-R2 reanalysis, in the wave number domain

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year Reanalysis (ERA-40), the Japan Meteorological Agency and Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and Department of Energy AMIP-II Reanalysis (NCEP-R2) are intercompared through a global energetics analysis for all seasons.Overall, the Lorenz energy cycle is consistent among the three datasets. The flow of energy and the peaks and slopes in the spectra of the various components agree between the three reanalysis. Additionally, the temporal variability of the energy cycle terms shows consistency between the three reanalysis. Most differences between the three reanalysis are related to the magnitudes of energy forms and energy conversion/transfer rates at each wave number, generally following the relation ERA−40>JRA−25>NCEP−R2, and mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere. The best agreement between the three datasets is found for northern winter. Differences between the three datasets are greater for the other seasons, being greatest for northern summer. In general, these discrepancies are fairly modest, being likely due to the different model biases and resolutions, and the different data assimilation methods used by the respective reanalysis systems. The energetics of the three reanalysis become closer to each other in more recent years, which is likely due to the increase in the number of observations assimilated in the reanalysis.The NCEP-R2 reanalysis spectrum is smoother than those of ERA-40 and JRA-25, likely due to filtering and to its lower resolution model. The spectra show a rapid decrease for short waves in NCEP-R2 (n=36) and ERA-40 (n=63), as a consequence of filtering. The energy source in the nonlinear wave–wave interactions of kinetic energy, L(n), has a narrower spectral range in NCEP-R2 than in the other datasets. Energetics from the newer JRA-25 reanalysis is generally closer to that of ERA-40, with some exceptions as is the case of zonal–wave interactions of kinetic energy, M(n), for synoptic waves, or for eddy available potential energy, A_E, in the lower troposphere, for which JRA-25 is closer to NCEP-R2.     

河南省焦作市持续冰雪低温天气气候特征及其预报

本文采用焦作市建站50年来的气象资料,统计分析了焦作持续冰雪低温天气过程的气象要素及气候变化特征。利用NCEP再分析资料计算出了焦作建站50年以来的8次10d以上持续冰雪低温天气过程的500hPa平均位势高度和距平场,总结出发生低温冰冻灾害的大气环流分布特征;通过分析500hPa侯平均场大气长波、超长波演变,发现“拉尼娜”事件下必须高度关注低温雨雪冰冻过程的预测。     

大气臭氧垂直分布的电化学测量

用球载电化学O_3探空仪于1990年6月20日测量了0—32km高度范围内大气臭氧的垂直分布.结果表明,大气臭氧的垂直分布具有多层次结构,在25km附近臭氧分压达最大值.从臭氧廓线推算出大气柱臭氧总含量为327.8D.U.     

夏季菲律宾低空越赤道气流与南半球大气环流的关系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定义了1950-2009年菲律宾越赤道气流强度指数,并研究其与南半球大气环流的关系。结果表明,菲律宾越赤道气流受南半球低层极地高压、绕极低压带和中纬度副热带高压,以及高层巨大的绕极低压影响;南半球环流对菲律宾越赤道气流的影响主要是通过南极涛动的调整,对澳大利亚高压产生影响来发挥作用,从南极涛动发生调整到对越赤道气流及北半球环流产生影响,有约4a的时滞;澳大利亚高压强度和位置的变化对菲律宾越越赤道气流有重要影响,关键区位于澳大利亚高压西北方向的洋面上。