大气对NOAA通道辐射透过率的影响研究

本文利用LOWTRAN7大气辐射计算模式，对NOAA三个通道分别选取不同的模式大气进行计算，得到了各种模式大气的大气透过率。详细计算了探测路径上卷云、不同气溶胶模式、大气温度、水汽含量变化等气象要素及大气成分的变化对大气透过率的影响，得出一些有意义的结论。     

东亚地区夏季阻塞过程的研究进展

阻塞过程是一种大尺度的大气环流持续性异常现象 ,它一旦出现会造成大范围的天气和气候异常。对阻塞过程的定义多种多样 ,有根据阻塞的气候特征进行定义的 ,也有根据阻塞的天气特征进行定义的 ,研究时根据不同的情况应选择不同的定义。人们用平衡态理论、外源强迫下的共振理论、非线性孤立波理论、斜压性及波流相互作用等理论对阻塞过程进行了研究 ,得到了许多有意义的研究结果。东亚夏季的阻塞过程对中国的天气气候有重要影响 ,东北地区的夏季低温、华北地区的干旱、长江中下游和江淮地区的梅雨和洪涝灾害等都与东亚阻塞过程有关。人们对东亚夏季的阻塞过程形成原因的研究很多 ,发现乌拉尔山阻塞高压崩溃后 ,Rossby波的传播、青藏高原及其附近地区暖湿空气的传输和赤道西太平洋海温异常激发的遥相关波列等对东亚夏季阻塞过程的形成有重要影响     

Influence of Building Areal Density and Roof Shape on the Wind Characteristics Above a Town

Flow characteristics in the lower part of theatmospheric boundary layer developing immediatelyabove building roofs have been studied by physicalmodelling under neutral stratification conditions. Thevertical profiles of velocity, turbulence intensityand Reynolds stress were measured in detail above amodel urban fetch consisting of parallel streetcanyons. Two different street densities and roofshapes were tested. It is found that the influence ofthe buildings on the oncoming wind remains confined towithin three overall building heights above ground.Furthermore, the effect on the wind at roof levelfrom the areal building density is relatively weak, butstrong from the roof shape. Thus, altering roof shapecan have a much more beneficial impact on urban airquality than increasing the spacing betweenbuildings. Moreover, these findings yield a novelmethodology for reliable prediction of urban airquality, by combining numerical mesoscale wind flowmodels with physical street canyon pollutiondispersion models.     

A Comparative Approach to Regional Variation in Surface Fluxes Using Mobile Eddy Correlation Towers

We describe a comparative approach to micrometeorological measurements of surface energy, water vapor, and trace gas fluxes, inwhich mobile eddy correlation towers are moved among sites every 9–14days, allowing both direct and indirect comparison of fluxes amongecosystem types. Structurally distinct ecosystems in Alaskan arctic tundra differed in the relationships between net radiation and surface energyfluxes, whereas structurally similar ecosystems showed constantrelationships, even when they experienced quite different climate. An intercomparison of two towers simultaneously operated at the same location provided a reference for the systematic error of such comparisons.We suggest general criteria for comparing flux measurements made indifferent ecosystems.     

全球海温异常作用下的低层大气环流和降水异常的数值模拟

通过在ＩＡＰＡＧＣＭ中加进太平洋和印度洋海温异常的数值模拟，证实了实况月平均８５０ｈＰａ上的异常环流特征：ＥｌＮｉｎｏ海温位相时低纬太平洋低层大气出现异常的西风气流以及在东南亚沿海出现向赤道的异常气流；而在ＬａＮｉｎａ位相时，低纬太平洋低层大气出现异常的东风气流和在东南亚沿海出现离赤道的异常气流。若在模式中仅引入太平洋的海温异常或在模式中去掉地形以后，模拟的低纬低层异常气流与上述结果有所不同。用该模式还模拟出了与观测相符的低纬地区降水的异常     

GPS无线电掩星技术监测地球大气

ＧＰＳ无线电掩星技术是从行星掩星（飞行器）探测行星大气^{［１～３］}的遥感技术发展而来的。１９９５年４月３日小型卫星ＭｉｃｒｏＬａｂ１的发射升空，标志着以ＧＰＳ无线电掩星建议为基础ＧＰＳ／ＭＥＴ计划纳入了正式实验阶段。实验结果证实了ＧＰＳ无线电掩星技术在探测地球大气方面潜在的科学价值与实用意义。简要系统地介绍了利用ＧＰＳ无线电掩星技术监测地球大气折射率、温度、气压和水蒸汽丰度等物理参量廓线分布的基本原理、主要误差源和空间分辨率，以及数字模拟结果和初步实验结果，并分析了ＧＰＳ无线电掩星技术在监测全球气候变化和提高数值天气预报精度等方面的潜在贡献。     

大地电磁测深在下扬子及邻区的应用

全面分析、对比了下扬子及邻区电性层与电性特征。下扬子盆地与周边构造单元的边界及接触关系的研究表明,下扬子盆地基本上为东西对冲结构,东与西均以推覆带形式相接触。建立了下扬子地区岩石圈的层块结构,其特点是各层系间在横向上为隆(薄块)坳(厚块)相间,纵向上为隆坳交替。发现了四条岩石圈级深大断裂,特别是大别—舟山断裂与滨海—桐庐隐伏深断裂是近期研究所得。首次编制出海相中—古生界残留厚度图,并发现了变质岩推覆带下海相中—古生界新领域及火山岩覆盖下海相中—古生界新领域,这些成果为下扬子地区寻找海相油气藏开辟了新的方向。     

应用二向性反射分布函数进行反照率的精确计算和邻近象元效应校正(英文)

该文讨论二向性反射分布函数（ＢＲＤＦ）在遥感领域中两方面的应用：（１）晴天大气层顶部的反照率的确定，（２）二向性反射分布函数对邻近象元点扩散函数和大气订正的影响。大气层顶部的光谱反照率是从多角度成象光谱辐射计（ＭＩＳＲ）提取的重要参数，其精度主要取决于我们对不同情况表面建立更好的ＢＲＤＦ模型。该文论述一种与９个ＭＩＳＲ二向性反射观测值相匹配的半经验函数的算法，并可进而通过数值积分产生４个光谱波段的晴天大气层顶部的光谱反照率。结果显示反照率的绝对精度对可见光波段可高于１％，对近红外波段可高于２％。采用一种简化的辐射通量模型，我们的工作显示邻近象元点扩散函数（ＰＳＦ）的形状取决于下垫面表面的ＢＲＤＦ。在给定与中心象元的偏移（ｘ，ｙ）的条件下邻近象元的点扩散函数，由和沿观察方向的散射相函数的传输加权的乘积的积分给定。     

MONTBLEX tower observations: Instrumentation,data acquisition and data quality

Tower platforms, with instrumentation at six levels above the surface to a height of 30 m, were used to record various atmospheric parameters in the surface layer. Sensors for measuring both mean and fluctuating quantities were used, with the majority of them indigenously built. Soil temperature sensors up to a depth of 30 cm from the surface were among the variables connected to the mean data logger. A PC-based data acquisition system built at the Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IISc, was used to acquire the data from fast response sensors. This paper reports the various components of a typical MONTBLEX tower observatory and describes the actual experiments carried out in the surface layer at four sites over the monsoon trough region as a part of the MONTBLEX programme. It also describes and discusses several checks made on randomly selected tower data sets acquired during the experiment. Checks made include visual inspection of time traces from various sensors, comparative plots of sensors measuring the same variable, wind and temperature profile plots, calculation of roughness lengths, statistical and stability parameters, diurnal variation of stability parameters, and plots of probability density and energy spectrum for the different sensors. Results from these checks are found to be very encouraging and reveal the potential for further detailed analysis to understand more about surface layer characteristics.     

Wind profiles in the boundary layer over Kharagpur associated with synoptic scale systems

Doppler sodar wind data for the boundary layer over Kharagpur obtained during MONTBLEX-1990 at a height interval of 30 m from surface up to 1500 m have been analysed for the periods when intense synoptic scale disturbances from north Bay of Bengal moved along the eastern end of the monsoon trough. The variation in the vertical wind profile in the lower boundary layer over Kharagpur during the passage of synoptic scale disturbances has been discussed in the paper. The analysis indicates that the mean winds over Kharagpur veered with height in the lower boundary layer near the surface suggesting divergence over Kharagpur when the system lay south/southwest of the station. No such veering has been noticed when the centre of the system lay very close to the station.