Distribution of Atmospheric Water Vapor Content over China

Based on the data of 210 ground meteorological stations over China from 1961 to 2008, an empirical relation between the ground water vapor pressure and precipitation has been discovered. Then the equations used for estimating the ground water vapor pressure based on the precipitation are developed, and thereby to derive the atmospheric water vapor content, which is one of the important parameters for astronomical site survey. The results of this study show that in different seasons, there exists a stable correlative relation between ground water vapor pressure and precipitation, the water vapor pressures calculated from the precipitation data of different areas are consistent with the local practical measurements, and that the calculated atmospheric water vapor contents correspond well to the local long-term averages.     

Method of Modeling Atmospheric Optical Turbulence

The intensity and distribution of optical turbulence are important parameters to evaluate an observing station. A modeling method to obtain n atmospheric optical turbulence parameters, including the C2_n pro?le, coherent length, coherent time, seeing, isoplanatic angle, and scintillation index by using meteorological parameters are presented. The accomplishment of this method, the con?guration of the WRF model (Weather Research and Forecasting Model), and the veri?cation of calculated results are introduced. The reliability of the method is con?rmed preliminarily by comparing the calculated results with the DIMM (Differential Image Motion Monitor) measurements.     

火山喷发对辐射传输影响的研究

本文根据火山灰粒子的辐射光学特性,计算了火山灰粒子和平流层本底的辐射光学参数。另外,采用大气多次散射的辐射传输方程,计算了火山喷发对大气辐射变温的影响效果。结果表明,与平流层本底相比,火山灰粒子具有很强的吸收性。火山喷发使平流层吸收太阳辐射增温,并使到达对流层和地面的太阳辐射减少;同时,对大气长波冷却率的影响甚微。     

太阳直接辐射光量子通量的气候学计算方法

为了把太阳直接辐射通量密度换算成光量子通量密度,取用了一个简单的大气模式,计算了各种太阳高度、地面气压和大气浑浊度下太阳直接辐射中的光合有效辐射能量通量和光量子通量,从而得到了单位光合有效辐射能量所具有的光量子数。结果表明:这个数是比较稳定的。在平原地区,10—90°的太阳高度范围内,1W.m~(-2)的光合有效辐射通量密度具有4.72±0.11μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1)的光量子通量密度。本文还采用北京地区四个季节定时的太阳直接辐射分光测量资料和高原观测资料检验了模式计算结果的可靠性,获得了满意的结果。     

我国前冬和后冬气温年际变化的特征与联系

基于我国160个台站观测的月平均地面气温资料,通过考察冬季各月气温之间的联系将11月和12月划分为前冬,次年的1月至3月划分为后冬,并利用160站资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过经验正交函数 （EOF,empirical orthogonal function）分解和依赖于季节的EOF（SEOF,season-reliant EOF）分解对近62年来我国前冬和后冬气温各自的年际变化特征、它们之间的联系以及对应的大气环流进行了分析。结果表明,我国前冬和后冬气温年际变化的前两个EOF模态在空间上均表现为全国一致的变化和南北相反的变化;其时间系数的分布表明,当前冬出现全国性偏暖（冷）或北冷（暖）南暖（冷）的气温异常时,后冬出现类似气温异常和相反气温异常的概率均在50%左右。进一步,通过SEOF分解得到了年际变化时间尺度上我国冬季气温演变的两个主要模态。第一模态（SEOF1）为前冬到后冬同相演变型,即前冬全国一致偏暖（冷）时后冬亦全国一致偏暖（冷）,该模态在20世纪80年代中期有明显的年代际增暖;第二模态（SEOF2）表现为前冬到后冬反相演变型,即前冬全国一致偏冷（暖）而后冬全国一致偏暖（冷）,该模态以年际变化为主。对环流场的分析表明,中纬度大气过程特别是大气遥相关型的变化是同向和反向两种演变模态产生的主要原因。SEOF1的环流表现为对流层中层斯堪的纳维亚遥相关型在整个冬季的持续性同号异常,与此相伴的海陆气压差强度和东亚高空急流强度的变化使得前、后冬中的东亚冬季风环流呈一致加强或减弱,从而引起同相演变模态。SEOF2的环流在前冬表现为欧亚遥相关型的特征,整个对流层的变化都很显著,而后冬的环流信号主要在对流层中低层显著,此时表现为类似斯堪的纳维亚遥相关型的特征且符号发生了反转,从而引起反相演变模态。     

海表面盛行风背景下大气对黑潮海洋锋的响应特征

采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料,应用高通滤波等方法,研究了春季不同海表面盛行风背景下,东海黑潮海洋锋区附近的海气关系。观测分析表明:在东海,春季3种不同海表面盛行风条件下海表面温度与海表面风速之间都存在明显的正相关关系,表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。大气对海洋锋的响应在3种不同盛行风条件下也存在明显的差异。在西北盛行风和东南盛行风背景下,即当风向垂直于海洋锋由冷侧(暖侧)吹向暖侧(冷侧)时,海表面风的辐散(辐合)出现在海洋锋上空。同时,海洋锋对海平面气压(SLP)、降水和对流活动的影响较弱,表明大气对海洋锋的响应主要局限在大气边界层内。在东北盛行风背景下,即当风平行于海洋锋时,在海洋锋的暖(冷)水侧上空为海表面风的辐合(辐散),并与SLP的异常低(高)值相对应,主要雨带出现在黑潮暖舌上空。无论从总降水还是层云、对流降水频次的空间分布来看,盛行东北风时,海表面温度对其上雨带的影响最为明显。分析结果还表明,在不同盛行风背景下,海洋锋附近的海气关系由不同的物理机制在起主导作用。当盛行平行于海洋锋的东北风时,主要由SLP调整机制起作用;而盛行垂直于海洋锋的西北风时则主要由垂直混合机制起作用。     

Book review

This paper gives the expressions for the synoptic scale thermal winds when a full Coriolis force is considered. The atmosphere is assumed stratified with a steady density profile. It is also argued that the resulting expressions can be applied to atmospheric temperature maps obtained by standard infrared methods only if approximations are made. This paper augments the interpretation of the results obtained in a previous paper by the author and addresses comments made by J.-I. Yano in another paper of this journal.     

Large Scale Geostrophic Winds with a Full Representation of the Coriolis Force: Application to IR Observations of the Upper Jovian Troposphere

The diagnostics of large scale geostrophy in a stratified atmosphere are revisited in pressure coordinates using a full Coriolis force. This formulation of geostrophy includes the horizontal and vertical projections of the planetary rotation vector, is valid for shallow and deep atmospheres, accounts for the spherical geometry of the atmosphere, is not singular at the equator, and provides partial information about vertical velocities. The new expressions, although an improvement over the standard approach, are still only estimates because of the terms that are being neglected and because of the uncertainties in the observational data. The magnitudes of the errors are discussed. The accuracy of the standard hydrostatic approximation in the geostrophic regime is gauged and an alternative approach is discussed. The standard hydrostatic approximation predicts much smaller wind shears than those derived from the primitive equations. The observations are a set of global temperature maps of the upper Jovian troposphere at pressures, between 100 and 400 mbar, obtained from mid-infrared observations in June, 1996. Maps of the large-scale thermal winds show higher concentration of longitudinal structures and vertical velocities along two particular zonal bands at latitudes near 15°N and 15°S. Observational criteria are proposed to validate the standard versus the new diagnostic as well as the possible geostrophic regime of Jupiter's zonal jets.     

基于自适应遗传算法的MRS-TEM联合反演方法研究

地面磁共振法(MRS)因具有定性、定量分析地下水能力,而备受关注.传统磁共振地层含水量反演多采用均匀半空间模型,忽略电阻率分布信息对结果的影响.针对这一问题,本文基于多层电介质中磁共振响应理论,提出MRS与瞬变电磁(TEM)联合反演方法,通过电阻率分布信息对含水量反演过程的实时修正,提高了解释结果的准确度.反演算法采用自适应遗传算法(AGA)进行,基于繁殖规则,动态调整交叉概率和变异概率,解决了标准遗传算法易未成熟收敛而难以得到全局最优解问题.模型数据表明,含噪10%情况下,联合反演仍能较准确地反映地下含水单元模型结构,对比MRS单独反演优势明显.同时,内蒙古白旗野外观测数据联合反演结果与钻井资料基本一致,充分验证了AGA反演算法的实用性及MRS-TEM联合反演的实际意义.