福州天气形势分型与大气污染物的相关分析

利用2002－2006年地面天气图和500 hPa高空图,将影响福州的天气形势分为10型,结合大气污染物浓度资料,统计2002－2006年福州全年、冬半年、夏半年不同天气形势型的出现率及相应的污染物浓度值,分析不同天气形势下大气扩散能力的强弱以及对污染物浓度的影响。结果表明：锋前暖区和地面倒槽是最不利于扩散的天气型,台风（热带辐合带）和低涡锋面是最有利于扩散的天气型;冬半年高压后部、锋前暖区和地面倒槽对污染物浓度增大的影响最大,低涡锋面、高压脊和高压底部对污染物浓度减小的影响最大;夏半年台风（热带辐合带）及外围、低涡锋面、副热带高压对污染物浓度减小的影响最大,其他天气型影响下污染物浓度变化幅度为正值。     

Studies of Oxidant Production at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in Summer and Winter Conditions

Detailed studies have been made of the behaviour of gases and radicals involved in the production of oxidants at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in both summertime and wintertime conditions. In June 1995 the range of meteorological conditions experienced varied such that ozone destruction was observed in clean northerly air flows reaching Weybourne down the North Sea from the Arctic, and ozone production was observed in varying degrees in air with different loadings of nitrogen oxides and other precursors. The transition point for ozone destruction to ozone production occurred at a nitric oxide concentration of the order of 50 pptv. Plumes of polluted air from various urban areas in the U.K. were experienced in the June campaign at Weybourne. Quantitative studies of ozone production in a plume from the Birmingham conurbation on 18 June 1995 showed that the measurement of ozone production agreed well with calculated production rates from the product of the nitric oxide and peroxy radical concentrations (r2=0.9). In wintertime conditions (October–November 1994) evidence was also found for oxidant production, defined as the sum of O3+NO2. At this time of year the peroxy radical concentrations (RO2) were much lower than observed in the summertime and the nitric oxide (NO) was much higher. There was still sufficient RO2 during the day, however, for a slow accumulation of oxidant. Confirmatory evidence for this comes from the diurnal co-variance of (O3+NO2) with PAN, an excellent tracer of tropospheric photochemistry. The same type of covariance occurs in summer between PAN and ozone. The results obtained in these series of measurements are pertinent to understanding the measures necessary to control production of regional photochemical air pollution, and to the production of ozone throughout the northern hemisphere in winter.     

辽东湾地区大气扩散因子的应用研究

利用离海岸约800 m的气象铁塔上获得的数据,对辽东湾地区大气扩散因子的特征进行了研究。结果表明:在核设施正常运行期间,主要以高架排放方式为主。当风速较大时,烟羽抬升高度低于30 m。     

Atmospheric modelling in GPS analysis and its effect on the estimated geodetic parameters

Permanently operating Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are used today, for example, in precise positioning and determination of atmospheric water vapour content. The GPS signals are delayed by various gases when traversing the atmosphere. The delay due to water vapour, the wet delay, is difficult to model using ground surface data and is thus often estimated from the GPS data. In order to obtain the most accurate results from the GPS processing, a modelling of the horizontal distribution of the wet delay may be necessary. Through simulations, three such models are evaluated, one of which is developed in this paper. In the first model the water vapour is assumed to be horizontally stratified, thus the wet delay can be described by only one zenith parameter. The second model gives the wet delay with one zenith and two horizontal gradient parameters. The third model uses the correlation between the wet-delay values in different directions. It is found that for large gradients and strong turbulence the two latter models yield lower errors in the estimated vertical coordinate and wet-delay parameters. For large gradients this improvement is up to 7 mm in the zenith wet-delay parameter, from 9 mm down to 2 and 4 mm for the second and third models, respectively. Received: 7 May 1998 / Accepted: 1 March 1999     

非平衡态大气热力学的研究

要挟了建立非平衡态大气热力学的必要怀和迫切性。并在考虑到大气系统是以湍涡为基本单元,具有气压梯度力,重力和Ｃｏｒｉｏｌｉｓ力的地球大气宏观体系的基础上,直接引入大气动力主程组,建立了非平衡态大气热力学的熵平衡方程。     

大气环流创新模式-内外因耦合及三维地转平衡的全球大气环流模式和中尺度特大暴雨模式研究设想

 本文概述了大气环流创新模式方面的构思.     

水色遥感大气校正方程的研究进展

大气校正是水色遥感研究中必不可少的一步,文中概括总结了对于一类水体、二类水体的大气校正以及在每类水体中对气溶胶单散射、复散射两种情况下的大气校正方法,列出了比较实用的计算流程。     

大气边界层湍流标量场的概率分布及其特征分析

利用2004年11月在白洋淀地区和2005年1月在中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的47 m高度由超声风温仪和水汽二氧化碳分析仪观测的湍流脉动资料,分析了大气边界层不同下垫面湍流标量场(温度、水汽和二氧化碳)的概率分布及其特征。标量场的概率分布通常不同于高斯分布,而且还会产生偏斜,可以用指数分布描述。因此,标量的偏斜度通常不为0,陡峭度也往往比3大。非0偏斜度的出现可能是由湍流时间序列中的相干结构和间歇性部分造成的。其中,相干结构的存在使概率分布偏斜,但是,它们对偏斜度的贡献相对较小,而与概率分布的长尾现象有关的间歇性则会使偏斜度大大增加。温度、水汽和二氧化碳的平均偏斜度和陡峭度反应了标量场与稳定度、下垫面、天气条件、源汇等因素之间的关系。在不同下垫面,温度和感热通量的偏斜度随稳定度变化比较一致;水汽通量的偏斜度在稳定和不稳定条件下都为正,而水汽本身在不稳定条件下可能出现负的偏斜度;二氧化碳和二氧化碳通量的偏斜度受下垫面影响很大,在不同下垫面,偏斜度与稳定度之间的关系并不一致;而3个标量的陡峭度随稳定度的变化不显著,它们与相应的偏斜度之间存在平方关系。     

谢义炳对大气环流系统研究的贡献

对谢义炳在大气环流系统方面所做出的科学贡献作了简要的全面回顾。其中包括:(1)北美切断低压的生命史;(2)东亚高空锋和急流的多层结构;(3)中国降水系统的结构和演变规律(包括梅雨锋、西南低涡等),热带和中纬度扰动相互作用在暴雨过程中的重要性;(4)西北太平洋的台风形成在ITCZ(赤道辐合带)/季风槽中;印度西南季风的低频变化;(5)降水系统的湿斜压动力学理论及其在天气预报中的应用;(6)大气环流的中期变化理论。谢义炳的这些贡献为我们更好地理解大气环流系统并改善了中国的暴雨预报。     

碘代异丙烷在黑碳表面的吸附研究

黑碳气溶胶由于其对大气辐射平衡和气候的影响而受到高度重视,碘化学则是大气化学中十分重要的研究领域。然而对于卤素化合物尤其含碘化合物与黑碳气溶胶表面相互作用的研究还少有报道。文中首次研究了在298K下,碘氧自由基(IO)重要源之一的碘代异丙烷(i-C3H7I)在黑碳表面的吸附,黑碳样品使用DegussaFW2(一种含有氧化态的无定形黑碳)。实验发现碘代异丙烷与黑碳表面发生相互作用,使黑碳表面逐渐被钝化,并且其吸附系数(γ)与暴露时间相关。实验测得初始吸附系数(γ0)值为(9.5±3.8)×10-2。所报道的初始吸附系数γ0可以提供一个上限值,实验结果表明在真实大气环境下,i-C3H7I在黑碳气溶胶表面的非均相消耗可能是十分重要的,也许会对i-C3H7I在真实大气中的浓度有一定影响。并且研究结果对进一步研究i-C3H7I与黑碳气溶胶相互作用对大气辐射平衡、黑碳气溶胶非均相化学作用和云雾降水凝结核(CCN)形成的影响均有十分重要的意义,研究结果也为评估i-C3H7I与碳质气溶胶非均相相互作用对大气环境的影响和深入的模式研究提供了基本参数。