Aeolian component records in lacustrine sediments and its atmospheric circulation significance for evolution of Qarhan salt lake,NE Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

正1 Introduction The Qarhan Playa of Qaidam Basin is located at the northeastern QinghaiTibetan Plateau(QTP),in which thick lacustrine and evaporate sediments deposited since the late Pleistocene(Chen et al.,1985,1986).As surrounded by capacious Gobi and yardang fields and suffered strong westerly-northwesterly wind,abundant aeolian materials were trapped in these sediment sequences in the     

大气电场的FFT频谱分析及雷暴预报研究

采用傅里叶变换方法将时域数据转换到频域,针对首次地闪发生(简称“雷暴天气”)和首次地闪不会发生(简称“非雷暴天气”)的大气电场强度数据做了幅度谱分析.研究发现,首次地闪前0.5h的大气电场数据与非雷暴天气中任意时段0.5h的大气电场数据的幅度谱分布具有明显差异,两类天气的幅度谱分布有一定规律可循.在此基础上对样本整理分类,将两类天气的平均幅度谱视为判别标准,利用欧氏距离判别法,对63个未知天气样本进行判别分类和效果检验,结果表明,此方法可供短时临近的首次地闪预警工作中予以参考.     

能见度Belfort M6000型与Belfort M6400型 观测比对与影响因子研究

Belfort M6400型是Belfort仪器公司在M6000型基础上在软件和硬件方面均作出优化和完善后生产的成本更低的、观测更高效的能见度观测仪。本文利用2021年6月11日至7月11日番禺国家气象观测站的Belfort M6000型能见度仪与Belfort M6400型能见度仪观测数据作比对试验,分析两款能见度仪的观测差异特征及气象要素的关系。结果表明,（1）两款能见度仪观测的分钟平均能见度的变化趋势较为一致,二者相关系数为0.92;（2）随能见度等级的增加,差值范围和离散程度均有所增大;（3）两款能见度仪观测值与相对湿度呈负相关关系,与气压呈正相关关系,与其他气象要素的关系不明显;（4）两款能见度仪在雨天时的日平均相关系数（0.93）比晴天（0.82）时要高。     

三种再分析资料计算青藏高原大气热源的比较

选取NCEP1、NCEP2和ERA-Interim中1981—2010年共30 a的风场、温度场和地面气压场再分析资料,利用"倒算法"计算青藏高原大气热源,对三套资料的计算结果进行了多方面比较分析,并运用Morlet小波法分析了区域平均的高原热源的时间变化特征。结果显示:(1)三套资料计算的季节平均的热源在空间分布上基本一致,夏季高原大部分地区为热源,冬季除高原西北部是热源外,其余地区为冷源。其中,ERA-Interim与NCEP1的分布更为接近;(2)三套资料均表明:就30 a平均而言,青藏高原大气为显著的热源,分布上ERA-Interim与NCEP1相似,量值上NCEP的两套资料更为接近;(3)区域平均热源的月际变化十分一致,相关系数均超过99%显著性检验。NCEP的两套资料对年际变化的描述更为一致,二者相关系数为0.88,ERA-Interim与NCEP两套资料的结果略有差距,相关系数分别为0.78和0.70;(4)整体而言,ERA-Interim资料在反映高原热源方面较优,但也要注意考察该资料给出的高原南坡强热源的真实合理性。     

Observation of Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements with intense fluxes of high-energy electrons

The high altitude (∼3200 m above sea level) of Aragats Space Environmental Center (ASEC) and low elevation of the thunderclouds provides a good opportunity to detect Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs), particles of which rapidly attenuate in the atmosphere. In 2012, we have estimated the energy spectra of several TGEs and revealed significant electron fluxes extended till 30–40 MeV. Measured in the one and the same event gamma ray and electron fluxes allow to estimate the height of the thundercloud above the detector. Proceeding from the energy spectra and the height of the cloud we estimate the electron spectra on the exit from the electric field of the thundercloud, the number of excess electrons in the cloud and avalanche multiplication rate.     

Improved topographic mapping through high-resolution SAR interferometry with atmospheric effect removal

The application of SAR interferometry (InSAR) in topographic mapping is usually limited by geometric/temporal decorrelations and atmospheric effect, particularly in repeat-pass mode. In this paper, to improve the accuracy of topographic mapping with high-resolution InSAR, a new approach to estimate and remove atmospheric effect has been developed. Under the assumptions that there was no ground deformation within a short temporal period and insignificant ionosphere interference on high-frequency radar signals, e.g. X-bands, the approach was focused on the removal of two types of atmospheric effects, namely tropospheric stratification and turbulence. Using an available digital elevation model (DEM) of moderate spatial resolution, e.g. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM, a differential interferogram was firstly produced from the high-resolution InSAR data pair. A linear regression model between phase signal and auxiliary elevation was established to estimate the stratified atmospheric effect from the differential interferogram. Afterwards, a combination of a low-pass and an adaptive filter was employed to separate the turbulent atmospheric effect. After the removal of both types of atmospheric effects in the high-resolution interferogram, the interferometric phase information incorporating local topographic details was obtained and further processed to produce a high-resolution DEM. The feasibility and effectiveness of this approach was validated by an experiment with a tandem-mode X-band COSMO-SkyMed InSAR data pair covering a mountainous area in Northwestern China. By using a standard Chinese national DEM of scale 1:50,000 as the reference, we evaluated the vertical accuracy of InSAR DEM with and without atmospheric effects correction, which shows that after atmospheric signal correction the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) has decreased from 13.6 m to 5.7 m. Overall, from this study a significant improvement to derive topographic maps with high accuracy has been achieved by using the proposed approach.     

城市环境大气降尘重金属研究进展

大气降尘重金属研究是对城市环境及其生态效应评估的重要手段之一。概述了大气降尘来源,对比了国内外降尘重金属含量及通量、重金属源的解析方法。同时指出了关于大气降尘重金属的国内外研究概况和进展,为今后城市环境大气降尘研究等相关领域提供借鉴。     

Early Cretaceous atmospheric pCO2 levels recorded from pedogenic carbonates in China

Pedogenic carbonates were collected from Early Cretaceous strata in Sichuan and Liaoning, China. These paleosol carbonates and calcareous paleosols were evaluated in order to reconstruct atmospheric CO₂ concentrations during the Early Cretaceous using a paleosol barometer. Using the isotopic ratios of pedogenic carbonates from Early Cretaceous (early-middle Berriasian, early Valanginian) strata in Sichuan Basin, averaged atmospheric pCO₂ is estimated to have been 360 ppmv in the early-middle Berriasian and a mean value of 241 ppmv in the early Valanginian. In the late Barremian in western Liaoning, however the average was 530 ppmv, with a range of 365 ppmv and 644 ppmv, lower than previous estimates of pCO₂ for these time periods, consistent with the suggestion of overall climate cooling and paleotemperature fluctuation during the Early Cretaceous. This indicates that not all of the Cretaceous was a high or continuous CO₂ greenhouse, especially during Early Cretaceous.     

全球大气季节内振荡对长江流域持续暴雨影响的研究进展

在引证论述大气季节内振荡(ISO)对暴雨(强降水)重要作用的基础上,概括性地回顾影响长江流域持续暴雨的大气ISO基本特征及其形成机制的主要成果。重点针对全球热带内外不同时间尺度的大气ISO的空间变化和年际变化与长江流域持续暴雨之间联系的研究工作进行总结评述,较为完整地总结长江流域夏季降水季节内变化的气候特征和全球不同空间和时间尺度的ISO对东亚副热带地区持续暴雨影响的已有认识,并结合2个半球的ISO与长江流域持续暴雨关系的研究现状,对未来暴雨(强降水)与不同时尺度ISO相互作用及其在10～30 d延伸期预报中的应用中有价值的科学问题和研究热点进行探讨,以期强调南半球ISO变化在全球和东亚副热带气候系统中的重要地位,提高夏季长江流域持续暴雨10～30 d延伸期预报和旱涝气候预测准确率。     

天津2011年秋冬季PM2.5组分特征及其对能见度的影响

利用2011年能见度、相对湿度、风速逐时观测资料和11月16日至12月13日期间颗粒物膜采样数据,分析天津市大气能见度与PM_2.5组分的关系。结果表明：天津颗粒物质量浓度与能见度变化总体呈负相关,PM_2.5和相对湿度对能见度的影响作用明显。能见度与颗粒物中TC质量浓度变化呈负相关,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-,OC和EC是影响大气能见度的主要组分,其中SO₄^2-浓度对能见度影响最大,其次为OC浓度、EC浓度,NO₃^-浓度对能见度的影响相对较小。后向轨迹和混合层高度分析表明,气象条件是造成PM_2.5质量浓度分布差异的重要原因。