Sediment characteristics and macrofauna distribution along a human-modified inlet in the Gulf of Oristano (Sardinia, Italy)

We studied the spatial variability and within-year temporal changes in hydrological features, grain size composition and chemical characteristics of sediments, as well as macrofaunal assemblages, along a heavily modified inlet in the Gulf of Oristano (western Sardinia, Italy). The inlet connects the Cabras lagoon to the gulf through a series of convoluted creeks and man-made structures, including a dam and fish barriers built in the last three decades. Sediments were muddy and mainly composed of the "non-sortable" fraction (i.e., <8 microm particle size) in all four areas investigated: Lagoon, Creeks, Channel and Seaward. Along the inlet, however, the ratio between the <8 microm and the 8-64 microm fractions was highest in Creeks and Channel, between the fish barriers and the dam, suggesting impaired hydrodynamics. Consistently, steep gradients in water salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations were found in proximity to the fish barriers. The whole inlet was characterized by a major organic enrichment of sediments, with up to an annual mean of 33.6% of organic matter and 11.7% of total organic carbon in Seaward due to the presence of seagrass leaf litter. Acid-volatile sulphide and chromium-reduced sulphur concentrations were highest throughout the year in Seaward and Lagoon, respectively, with a peak in summer. Consistently, the whole inlet supported low structured macrofaunal assemblages dominated by few opportunist species, with a relatively lower diversity in Lagoon throughout the year and the highest abundances in Seaward in summer. We infer that the presence of artificial structures along the inlet, such as fish barriers and the dam, impair the lagoon-gulf hydrodynamics, sediment exchange and animal recruitment and colonization. We suggest that the removal of these structures would favour water renewal in the Cabras lagoon, but would also increase the outflow of organic C-bonding fine particles into the gulf with serious consequences for Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows. We conclude that all possible consequences of such initiatives should be carefully considered before any action is taken.     

地下水回灌技术在浅层承压含水层中的实践与探讨

上海地区承压含水层埋深较深,深基坑围护的止水帷幕难以深入到承压含水层底板进行地下水水平向的完全阻隔,减压降水过程势必对周边环境产生一定影响。以上海盛大国际金融中心深基坑回灌试验为依据,表明人工回灌地下水对控制承压水位具有一定效果,并运用数值方法模拟了不同回灌条件下坑外承压水位的变化。     

制约卫星轨道寿命的另一种机制

近点共振会导致太阳系小天体(小行星,自然卫星以及大行星和月球的人造卫星)的轨道偏心率出现变幅较大的长周期变化,特别是以月球和大行星为中心天体的大倾角轨道(确切地说是倾角接近90°的极轨道)卫星,由于类似的原因,偏心率的增大而导致近星距rp=a(1-e)≤ae(ae是中心天体的赤道半径),使其落到中心天体上,结束轨道寿命,这与耗散机制大不相同,因此将对其作理论分析,并以计算实例加以证实.     

中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)人工授精育苗的初步研究

用厦门海滩捕获的成熟雌雄中国鲎进行人工授精育苗试验，并对受精率、孵化率、幼鲎饲养成活率进行测定。结果表明，受精率为95％，孵化率为85％，幼鲎成活率为100％；1996年7月29日人工授精的鲎，至1997年7月11日仍健康生长，并已蜕第一次壳。说明中国鲎用人工授精的方法大量人工育苗是可行的。要提高受精率和育苗效果，应在5～6月为佳。     

Inclusive Multiple Models(IMM) for predicting groundwater levels and treating heterogeneity

An explicit model management framework is introduced for predictive Groundwater Levels(GWL),particularly suitable to Observation Wells(OWs)with sparse and possibly heterogeneous data.The framework implements Multiple Models(MM)under the architecture of organising them at levels,as follows:(i)Level 0:treat heterogeneity in the data,e.g.Self-Organised Mapping(SOM)to classify the OWs;and decide on model structure,e.g.formulate a grey box model to predict GWLs.(ii)Level 1:construct MMs,e.g.two Fuzzy Logic(FL)and one Neurofuzzy(NF)models.(iii)Level 2:formulate strategies to combine the MM at Level 1,for which the paper uses Artificial Neural Networks(Strategy 1)and simple averaging(Strategy 2).Whilst the above model management strategy is novel,a critical view is presented,according to which modelling practices are:Inclusive Multiple Modelling(IMM)practices contrasted with existing practices,branded by the paper as Exclusionary Multiple Modelling(EMM).Scientific thinking over IMMs is captured as a framework with four dimensions:Model Reuse(MR),Hierarchical Recursion(HR),Elastic Learning Environment(ELE)and Goal Orientation(GO)and these together make the acronym of RHEO.Therefore,IMM-RHEO is piloted in the aquifer of Tabriz Plain with sparse and possibly heterogeneous data.The results provide some evidence that(i)IMM at two levels improves on the accuracy of individual models;and(ii)model combinations in IMM practices bring‘model-learning’into fashion for learning with the goal to explain baseline conditions and impacts of subsequent management changes.     

天山巴音布鲁克盆地汛期水资源变化趋势及其影响因素分析

利用1982—2018年巴音布鲁克气象站逐日气象资料和开都河流上游大山口水文站逐月径流量资料，采用Morlet小波分析、气候敏感与水量平衡法，时间序列分析等方法，分析了汛期（5—9月）巴音布鲁克盆地地表径流量变化趋势及气候变化与人工增水作业对径流量的影响。结果表明：近37 a巴音布鲁克盆地汛期地表径流量呈增加趋势，突变年份为1989年，存在主周期依次为14 a、22 a、4 a 、7 a的周期变化，具有17~27 a、11~16 a年代际尺度和4~8 a年际尺度的丰枯位相交替变化特征。降水量是影响径流量变化的主导气候因素，对径流量变化的平均影响率为73.1%。因人工增水因素影响，盆地的降水可分为自然降水和人工催化降水，其中自然降水在历史期（1982—1993年）为69.5%，作业前期（1994—2006年）为59.28%，作业后期（2007—20018年）为74.56%，而人工催化降水在人工增水期（1994—2018年）对径流量变化的平均影响率为7.93%，表明径流量对降水的依赖程度正大幅增加，同时人工增水作业对径流量也有一定增加作用。