An improved optical flow method to estimate Arctic sea ice velocity (winter 2014?2016)

1 Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; 2 Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China; 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210023, China     

Cross-calibration of brightness temperature obtained by FY-3B/MWRI using Aqua/AMSR-E data for snow depth retrieval in the Arctic

This study cross-calibrated the brightness temperatures observed in the Arctic by using the FY-3B/MWRI L1 and the Aqua/AMSR-E L2A. The monthly parameters of the cross-calibration were determined and evaluated using robust linear regression. The snow depth in case of seasonal ice was calculated by using parameters of the crosscalibration of data from the MWRI T_b. The correlation coefficients of the H/V polarization among all channels T_b of the two sensors were higher than 0.97. The parameters of the monthly cross-calibration were useful for the snow depth retrieval using the MWRI. Data from the MWRI T_b were cross-calibrated to the AMSR-E baseline.Biases in the data of the two sensors were optimized to approximately 0 K through the cross-calibration, the standard deviations decreased significantly in the range of 1.32 K to 2.57 K, and the correlation coefficients were as high as 99%. An analysis of the statistical distributions of the histograms before and after cross-calibration indicated that the FY-3B/MWRI T_b data had been well calibrated. Furthermore, the results of the cross-calibration were evaluated by data on the daily average T_b at 18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz, and 36.5 GHz(V polarization), and at 89 GHz(H/V polarization), and were applied to the snow depths retrieval in the Arctic. The parameters of monthly cross-calibration were found to be effective in terms of correcting the daily average T_b. The results of the snow depths were compared with those of the calibrated MWRI and AMSR-E products. Biases of 0.18 cm to 0.38 cm were observed in the monthly snow depths, with the standard deviations ranging from 4.19 cm to 4.80 cm.     

Sensitivity of sea ice and ocean simulations to sea ice salinity in a coupled global climate model

The impacts of the spatiotemporal variations of sea ice salinity on sea ice and ocean characteristics have not been studied in detail, as the existing climate models neglect or misrepresent this process. To address this issue, this paper formulated a parameterization with more realistic sea ice salinity budget, and examined the sensitivity of sea ice and ocean simulations to the ice salinity variations and associated salt flux into the ocean using a coupled global climate model. Results show that the inclus...     

Moraine development at a small High‐Arctic valley glacier: Rieperbreen,Svalbard

Ice‐cored lateral and frontal moraine complexes, formed at the margin of the small, land‐based Rieperbreen glacier, central Svalbard, have been investigated through field observations and interpretations of aerial photographs (1936, 1961 and 1990). The main focus has been on the stratigraphical and dynamic development of these moraines as well as the disintegration processes. The glacier has been wasting down since the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) maximum, and between 1936 and 1990 the glacier surface was lowered by 50–60 m and the front retreated by approximately 900 m. As the glacier wasted, three moraine ridges developed at the front, mainly as melting out of sediments from debris‐rich foliation and debris‐bands formed when the glacier was polythermal, probably during the LIA maximum. The disintegration of the moraines is dominated by wastage of buried ice, sediment gravity‐flows, meltwater activity and some frost weathering. A transverse glacier profile with a northward sloping surface has developed owing to the higher insolation along the south‐facing ice margin. This asymmetric geometry also strongly affects the supraglacial drainage pattern. Lateral moraines have formed along both sides of the glacier, although the insolation aspect of the glacier has resulted in the development of a moraine 60 m high along its northern margin. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北极河流径流量变化及影响因子分析

利用最新的北极径流资料(R-arcticNET V3.0和Arctic RIMS),对进入北冰洋的4条主要河流的季节及年代际变化进行诊断分析。结果表明:入海径流在4-6月的大幅增加主要是由气温达到融点后积雪融化造成的,降水的作用次之。总的来说,欧亚区域在过去的70年里入海径流量是增加的,而北美区域在近30年里入海径流量是减小的,但注入北冰洋的径流总量是增大的。值得注意的是入海径流的年代际变化在不同季节增减趋势显著不同,夏季和秋季径流量减小,而其他两个季节径流量增大。进一步分析了影响入海径流变化的一些气候因子,结果表明:北大西洋涛动(北太平洋指数)与欧亚(北美)区域的冬、春季径流量存在正相关。春季气温与春季径流量呈正相关,而与夏季径流量呈负相关。降水与径流量基本上为同步正相关。春季积雪覆盖面积与春季径流量为负相关,而与夏季径流量为正相关,夏季积雪覆盖面积与夏季的径流量为正相关。     

典型气候事件对北极渔业资源的影响

随着北极海冰融化加剧,越来越多的渔船涌入北极海域,促使北极渔业资源得到了更好的开发。在这种情况下,研究气候事件对北极海域的影响变得至关重要。本文选取了北大西洋多年代际涛动（Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO）、北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）和北大西洋涛动（North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO） 这三种典型气候事件,通过超前滞后相关、回归分析等统计方法,探究它们与北极渔区 （以27渔区为代表） 渔业总捕捞量以及4种主要经济鱼种 （大西洋鳕、大西洋鲱、格陵兰大比目鱼和大西洋鲑） 捕捞量之间的联系。研究结果表明：1950－2020年,27渔区的海洋渔业总捕捞量总体呈现出两次上升与两次下降过程;在AMO及AO两种气候事件中,AMO对27渔区的捕捞量影响最为显著,同时海冰范围变化对捕捞资源同期影响很强;其中的1980－2020年,4种主要经济鱼种捕捞量与AO相关性均较低,而与AMO呈现明显正或负相关性;4种主要经济鱼种捕捞量与大西洋海表温度存在显著相关性,尤其是类AMO型的海温变化对这4种鱼种捕捞量波动可能存在显著影响。本研究不仅揭示了气候变化对北极渔业资源的显著影响,还根据研究结果提出相应的对策建议,为进一步研究提供了方向和参考,以期实现北极渔业资源可持续发展。     

海冰对北极海冰边缘区大洋光学观测的影响评估

Diffuse attenuation coefficient(DAC) of sea water is an important parameter in ocean thermodynamics and biology, reflecting the absorption capability of sea water in different layers. In the Arctic Ocean, however, sea ice affects the radiance/irradiance measurements of upper ocean, which results in obvious errors in the DAC calculation. To better understand the impacts of sea ice on the ocean optics observations, a series of in situ experiments were carried out in the summer of 2009 in the southern Beaufort Sea. Observational results show that the profiles of spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients of seawater near ice cover within upper surface of 50 m were not contaminated by the sea ice with a solar zenith angle of 55°, relative azimuth angle of 110°≤φ≤115° and horizontal distance between the sensors and ice edge of greater than 25 m. Based on geometric optics theory, the impact of ice cover could be avoided by adjusting the relative solar azimuth angle in a particular distance between the instrument and ice. Under an overcast sky, ice cover being 25 m away from sensors did not affect the profiles of spectral DACs within the upper 50 m either. Moreover, reliable spectral DACs of seawater could be obtained with sensors completely covered by sea ice.     

两种北极微型浮游植物的荧光差异性分析

为了利用荧光技术对北极浮游植物的生理生态信息进行系统研究, 本文以实验室培养条件下的两种北冰洋微型浮游植物——柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)和海链藻(Thalassiosira sp.)为研究对象, 先采用流式细胞术(Flow Cytometry, FCM)和全荧光光谱法对其活体中色素的静态荧光进行测量, 后利用脉冲调制方法(Pulsed Amplitude Modulation, PAM)对其叶绿素动态荧光信息进行测定, 对两种浮游植物的三类荧光信息进行综合比较分析, 结果表明: 柔弱伪菱形藻的丰度、基础荧光(F0)、光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光化学的有效量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)及光合电子传递效率(ETR)分别为22×105cell/mL、844、0.247和42.8, 皆高于海链藻的相应值(8×105cell/mL、464、0.185及33.0); 静态荧光和基础荧光分析表明柔弱伪菱形藻细胞内叶绿素a (chl a)含量较高; 海链藻细胞内则具有较高含量的类胡萝卜素, 其对光保护机制依赖性较强。本文初步展示了三类荧光分析法在极地微型浮游植物生理生态研究方面的联合应用。     

北极海冰的气候变化与20世纪90年代的突变

应用英国Had ley气候研究中心1968~2000年的1°×1°的北半球逐月海冰密集度资料,使用EOF分解等统计方法,探讨北极海冰的气候变化趋势、海冰的突变、海冰的季节持续性和各季的特色。结果表明:(1)自1968年以来,北极海冰的减小是北半球海冰变化的总趋势;海冰的趋势变化在海冰的年际总变化中占有相当重要的地位,可达50%左右。冬春季主要减少区域在格陵兰海、巴伦支海和白令海;夏秋季海冰减少是唯一趋势,中心在北冰洋边缘的喀拉海、拉普捷夫海、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇海、波弗特海。(2)20世纪80年代中后期北极海冰已出现减小趋势,在20世纪90年代,海冰又出现范围和面积的突然减少,中心在格陵兰海和巴伦支海;即海冰减少是加速的,其变化程度已远远超过一般的自然变化。(3)海冰有很好的季节持续性,有很强的隔季相关,也有较好的隔年相关;各季节海冰分布型之间有很好的联系,表现为海冰分布型的总体变化趋势是一致的,在海冰的减少中也体现了分布型的特征。     

北冰洋中央密集冰区海冰对太阳短波辐射能吸收的观测研究

太阳辐射能是海冰融化的最主要能源,基于在2008年8月21~27日北极加拿大海盆中部为期8天的冰站考察中海冰光学观测数据,研究了北冰洋中央密集冰区海冰吸收的太阳辐射能。通过现场直接观测,确定了海冰透射率、反照率、吸收率及其随冰厚的变化,得出海冰对太阳短波辐射的吸收率大约为到达冰面太阳辐射的16%,大部分被冰雪表面反射。为期3天的对太阳辐射的观测表明,虽然到达北冰洋中央密集冰区的太阳辐射能并不少,但由于云和雾覆盖的时间所占的比例很大,有将近57%被大气削弱,其余的又有77%左右被冰雪表面反射回太空,海冰吸收的热量只有10.2 W/m²,相当于每天融化2.6 mm的冰,1 m厚海冰全部融化需要380天,不足以为海冰融化提供足够的热量。因此北冰洋中央密集冰区终年被海冰覆盖,即使在北冰洋海冰面积骤减的现状下,那里的海冰密集度仍然接近100%。然而,文章的结果指出：大气中云和雾大幅度减少、积雪层融化、海冰厚度减小、融池的比例增加等因素都会大幅度增加海冰吸收的热量,未来这些过程的发生有可能导致北冰洋密集冰区的海冰快速融化。