How partial melts of mafic lower crust affect ascending magmas at oceanic ridges

We present experiments showing that the lower oceanic crust should melt efficiently and quickly when heated by hot ascending magmas. Average plagioclase–olivine and plagioclase–augite pairs from the lower crust at the Southwest Indian Ridge have melt–mineral saturation boundaries at 1,190 and 1,154°C, respectively, and melt rapidly (>0.01 mm/h) at 50°C or more above these temperatures. Melting experiments performed on olivine–plagioclase and augite–plagioclase mineral pairs from actual oceanic lower crustal rock samples and under conditions applicable to a MOR setting (1,220–1,330°C, 1 atm, quartz–fayalite–magnetite oxygen buffer, 0.25–24 h) indicate that the resulting disequilibrium melts are linear mixes of the mineral compositions. The rates of melting are slower than the rate of heat-diffusion into a sample and are approximated as:

Relics of the Mozambique Ocean in the central East African Orogen: evidence from the Vohibory Block of southern Madagascar

The Vohibory Block of south‐western Madagascar is part of the East African Orogen, the formation of which is related to the assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent. It is dominated by metabasic rocks, which have chemical compositions similar to those of recent basalts from a mid‐ocean ridge, back‐arc setting and island‐arc setting. The age of formation of protolith basalts has been dated at 850–700 Ma by U–Pb SHRIMP analysis of magmatic cores in zircon, pointing to an origin related to the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Ocean. The metabasic rocks are interpreted as representing components of an island arc with an associated back‐arc basin. In the early stage of the Pan‐African orogeny, these rocks experienced high‐pressure amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism (9–12 kbar, 750–880 °C), dated at 612 ± 5 Ma from metamorphic rims in zircon. The metamorphism was most likely related to accretion of the arc terrane to the margin of the Azania microcontinent (Proto‐Madagascar) and closure of the back‐arc basin. The main metamorphism is significantly older than high‐temperature metamorphism in other tectonic units of southern Madagascar, indicating a distinct tectono‐metamorphic history.     

The derivation of an Arctic sea ice normal through temporal mixture analysis of satellite imagery

The use of temporal mixture analysis (TMA) for creating a long-term baseline, or environmental “normal” is described. TMA is a promising analysis method derived from the hyperspectral image processing technique of spectral mixture analysis (SMA). TMA is algebraically identical to SMA, except that it is applied to temporal spectra rather than to electromagnetic spectra. TMA has particular potential to extract climate signals from long image sequences.     

夏半年热带太平洋中部型海温异常与热带印度洋海盆模对同期中国东部降水的共同影响

利用1961—2013年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和Had ISST月平均海表面温度资料,分析了夏半年热带太平洋中部型海温异常与热带印度洋海盆模(Indian Ocean Basin M ode,IOBM)的特征,并研究了不同位相配置时二者对同期中国东部气候的共同影响。结果表明:1)太平洋中部型海温异常指数与印度洋海盆模指数几乎相互独立。太平洋中部型海温异常与IOBM同位相变化(记为PPNN事件)和反位相变化(记为PNNP事件)时,热带印太地区海温异常分别呈三级型和偶极型分布。2)不同位相配置对中国东部地区降水异常的影响及其影响机制存在显著差异:当发生PPNN事件时,水汽从海洋性大陆(Maritime Continent,MC)地区向江淮流域输送;热带海温异常引起大气产生Gill型响应,维持了中国东部的环流异常;M C地区通过经向三圈异常垂直环流引起江淮流域降水异常增多。发生PNNP事件时,Gill型环流响应中心西移,长江流域降水偏少,水汽辐散;同时MC地区对流层低层准定常Rossby波能传播也有利于长江流域扰动的维持。这些结果对深刻认识中国东部地区夏半年降水异常成因和印度洋/太平洋海温异常不同分布的作用具有重要意义。     

持续光照下光强对北极海域芬迪亚历山大藻生长及产毒的影响

以格陵兰岛西部、冰岛沿海和楚科奇海的芬迪亚历山大藻为受试对象,并以缅因湾的芬迪亚历山大藻藻株做为参照,从沉积物或海水中的休眠孢囊或营养细胞中分离到12株目标藻种,并在实验室建立纯培养系。然后对这些地域的藻种在不同光照下生长特性的比较、对毒素含量进行研究,发现芬迪亚历山大藻在持续光照条件下最适的生长光强范围是38—91μmol×m~(–2)×s~(–1)。另外,在所有分离到的12株藻细胞中均未检测到脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素2(dc GTX2),大部分藻细胞都在光强较强时,即生长速率低时表现出更高的细胞毒素含量和毒性。     

基于CryoSat-2测高数据的北极格陵兰海海冰干舷高提取研究

北极是全球气候和环境变化的驱动器之一,获取北极海冰的时空特征和变化规律对研究北极以及全球气候变化意义重大。格陵兰海是北极海冰剧烈变化的区域之一,采用CryoSat-2的雷达测高数据,获取了格陵兰海的海冰干舷高分布,并利用波弗特环流计划(BGEP)仰视声呐(ULS)数据进行了验证。研究结果表明,格陵兰海海冰干舷高和分布范围存在明显的季节性变化特征,具体体现在格陵兰海海冰从10月份进入冻结期开始,海冰分布范围不断扩张,海冰干舷高也逐渐增大,2月份平均干舷高达到最大(0.2 m),之后格陵兰海海冰开始消融,覆盖范围不断内缩,9月海冰干舷高降至最小(0.13 m)。     

北极航道管理对北极渔业管理的启示

北极航道管理与北极渔业管理都是由气候变化所催生的北极重要事务。由于同处北极,两者面临着一些共性的管理问题,使两者之间具有了一定的可比性。两者的对比研究显示,北极航道管理机制构建过程体现了国际合作的精神,航道管理制度体系在形成之初始终处于动态发展以期得到完善,依托国际组织制定航行规则也有利于未来北极全面通航后执行统一协调的航道管理制度,这些北极航道管理实践中所体现的管理理念和路径对北极渔业管理具有启示作用。对比研究也揭示了北极渔业所面临的管理瓶颈,具体表现为北极5国谋求北冰洋公海"领导者"地位的单边主义行为,以及北极渔业现阶段所呈现出的"碎片式"管理格局。为实现北极渔业可持续性发展,北极5国之间、北极5国与北极域外国家之间应加强交流与合作,同时适时成立相应的区域性渔业管理组织以协调并开展国际交流与合作。     

Sea surface heights obtained from Modular Ocean Model simulation and comparison with Topex/Poseidon data for the Indian Ocean

The Modular Ocean Model (MOM) is perhaps the most versatile ocean model available today for the simulation of the large scale circulation of the ocean. The Topex/Poseidon altimeter which has been operating since September 1992 has been providing sea surface heights (SSH) of the accuracy of 5–10 cms with a repeat cycle of 10 days. We examine in this paper, the SSH in the Indian Ocean obtained from a global simulation of MOM with a resolution of 1° in the longitude, 1/3° in the latitude between 30°S and 30°N and 20 levels in the vertical with climatological windforcing and restoring conditions on temperature and salinity. They are compared with the SSH from the Topex/Poseidon altimeter after suitable filtering in the time domain to remove smaller time and length scales. In addition, unfiltered data from both sources are analysed by estimating the cross-spectral density to find the coherence and crossphase at different frequencies. The agreement between the two, over most of the Northern Indian Ocean, especially the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal is quite good.     

海洋生态系统动力学浅说

讨论了海洋生态系统动力学的研究目的，任务和特点。阐述了它的基本理论问题，此外，协同性，可预报性，突变性以及稳定性是人们关切的问题也是海洋生态系统动力学理论研究的重要内容。并对海洋生态系统动力学模型及模拟的基本概念和了描述，进而说明建模时要注意抽象与简化。最后就我国开展海洋生态系统动力学研究提出了一点看法。     

大洋钻探（ODP）与测井地质研究

ＯＤＰ是ＤＳＤＰ的继续，它验证了岩石层板块构造理论，揭示出晚中生代以来的全球气候变化过过程，还带动了一批新学科，如层序地层学，锶同位素地层学的出现，使地质学从零星的描述发展到地球系统研究阶段。同时，使测井技术层次由油气，煤炭测井上升到测井地质的成因研究。