Large phreatomagmatic vent complex at Coombs Hills, Antarctica: Wet, explosive initiation of flood basalt volcanism in the Ferrar-Karoo LIP

The Mawson Formation and correlatives in the Transantarctic Mountains and South Africa record an early eruption episode related to the onset of Ferrar-Karoo flood basalt volcanism. Mawson Formation rocks at Coombs Hills comprise mainly (≥80% vol) structureless tuff breccia and coarse lapilli tuff cut by irregular dikes and sills, within a large vent complex (>30 km²). Quenched juvenile fragments of generally low but variable vesicularity, accretionary lapilli and country rock clasts within vent-fill, and pyroclastic density current deposits point to explosive interaction of basalt with groundwater in porous country rock and wet vent filling debris. Metre-scale dikes and pods of coherent basalt in places merge imperceptibly into peperite and then into surrounding breccia. Steeply dipping to sub-vertical depositional contacts juxtapose volcaniclastic rocks of contrasting componentry and grainsize. These sub-vertical tuff breccia zones are inferred to have formed when jets of debris + steam + water passed through unconsolidated vent-filling deposits. These jets of debris may have sometimes breached the surface to form subaerial tephra jets which fed subaerial pyroclastic density currents and fall deposits. Others, however, probably died out within vent fill before reaching the surface, allowing mixing and recycling of clasts which never reached the atmosphere. Most of the ejecta that did escape the debris-filled vents was rapidly recycled as vents broadened via lateral quarrying of country rock and bedded pyroclastic vent-rim deposits, which collapsed along the margins into individual vents. The unstratified, poorly sorted deposits comprising most of the complex are capped by tuff, lapilli tuff and tuff breccia beds inferred to have been deposited on the floor of the vent complex by pyroclastic density currents. Development of the extensive Coombs Hills vent-complex involved interaction of large volumes of magma and water. We infer that recycling of water, as well as recycling of pyroclasts, was important in maintaining water supply for phreatomagmatic interactions even when aquifer rock in the vent walls lay far from eruption sites as a consequence of vent-complex widening. The proportion of recycled water increased with vent-complex size in the same way that the proportion of recycled tephra did. Though water recycling leaves no direct rock record, the volcaniclastic deposits within the vent complex show through their lithofacies/structural architecture, lithofacies characteristics, and particle properties clear evidence for extensive and varied recycling of material as the complex evolved. Editorial responsibility: J. Donnelly-Nolan     

中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩及幔源捕虏体中的流体组成

中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩及其幔源二辉橄榄岩捕虏体中的流体组分存在差异,幔源二辉橄榄岩形成于以Ｈ２,ＣＯ等还原性气体为主的流体环境中,其流体组分以含Ｈ２高,挥发性气体总量低为特征;碱性玄武岩中流体组分以ＣＯ２,ＳＯ２和挥发性气体总量高为特征,在其形成演化过程中有ＳＯ２等氧化性气体的流体加入。     

威宁宣威组底部硅质页岩Rb-Sr古混合线年龄及其地质意义

在滇黔相邻地区,二叠纪宣威组下部发育一层硅质页岩和碳质页岩。页岩层位稳定、分布广泛,与下伏峨眉山玄武岩组上部凝灰岩层呈假整合接触关系。用迭代法恢复硅质页岩的Rb-Sr同位素古混合线,得到硅质页岩的年龄为(255±12)Ma。这个年龄不仅支持地层古地磁研究结果,而且符合地层年代学研究结果,表明Rb-Sr同位素古混合线年代学方法在中生代地层能够适用。这个年龄与普遍认为的峨眉山玄武岩主喷发期258Ma从时代关系上相符,而且有效地约束了峨眉山玄武岩喷发的上限。     

The anatomy of Continental Flood Basalt Provinces: geological constraints on the processes and products of flood volcanism

The internal architecture of the immense volumes of eruptive products in Continental Flood Basalt Provinces (CFBPs) provides vital clues, through the constraint of a chrono-stratigraphic framework, to the origins of major intraplate melting events. This work presents close examination of the internal facies architecture and structure, duration of volcanism, epeirogenetic uplift associated with CFBPs, and the potential environmental impacts of three intensely studied CFBPs (the Parana-Etendeka, Deccan Traps and North Atlantic Igneous Province). Such a combination of key volcanological, stratigraphic and chronologic observations can reveal how a CFBP is constructed spatially and temporally to provide crucial geological constraints regarding their development.

Using this approach, a typical model can be generated, on the basis of the three selected CFBPs, that describes three main phases of flood basalt volcanism. These phases are recognized in Phanerozoic CFBPs globally. At the inception of CFBP volcanism, relatively low-volume transitional-alkaline eruptions are forcibly erupted into exposed cratonic basement lithologies, sediments, and in some cases, water. Distribution of initial volcanism is strongly controlled by the arrangement of pre-existing topography, the presence of water bodies and local sedimentary systems, but is primarily controlled by existing lithospheric and crustal weaknesses and concurrent regional stress patterns. The main phase of volcanism is typically characterised by a culmination of repeated episodes of large volume tholeiitic flows that predominantly generate large tabular flows and flow fields from a number of spatially restricted eruption sites and fissures. These tabular flows build a thick lava flow stratigraphy in a relatively short period of time (c. 1–5 Ma). With the overall duration of flood volcanism lasting 5–10 Ma (the main phase accounting for less than half the overall eruptive time in each specific case). This main phase or ‘acme’ of volcanism accounts for much of the CFBP eruptive volume, indicating that eruption rates are extremely variable over the whole duration of the CFBP. During the waning phase of flood volcanism, the volume of eruptions rapidly decrease and more widely distributed localised centres of eruption begin to develop. These late-stage eruptions are commonly associated with increasing silica content and highly explosive eruptive products. Posteruptive modification is characterised by continued episodes of regional uplift, associated erosion, and often the persistence of a lower-volume mantle melting anomaly in the offshore parts of those CFBPs at volcanic rifted margins.     

云南建水水草冲铜矿矿床地质特征及成矿物质来源

本文通过研究云南建水水草冲铜矿地质特征、围岩玄武岩和矿石矿物的微量元素、S、C、O同位素的组成,示踪了该矿床的成矿物质来源和性质。研究结果表明,云南建水水草冲铜矿位于滇东南哀牢山变质体北侧,容矿围岩为峨眉山玄武岩,矿体受北东向逆断层及其次级断裂控制,延深大于延长,形状不规则,矿体内多夹灰岩角砾及矿化玄武岩角砾,矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿,矿化蚀变以硅化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化为主。水草冲铜矿黄铜矿与黄铁矿稀土元素具有相同的稀土元素组成与含量,ΣREE平均为1.901×l0-6,富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土元素比(LREE/HREE)平均为8.188,（La/Yb）N值平均为10.259;δEu值平均为0.977;Ce呈现弱负异常,δCe值平均为0.808。黄铁矿中的Co/Ni比值为0.835,显示水草冲铜矿床为中温热液矿床;黄铁矿的Y/Ho比值平均为38.23,表明水草冲铜矿床的成矿流体为混合来源。结合黄铁矿的稀土微量元素特征,推断水草冲铜矿床的成矿流体是Cl多于F的流体。S的来源复杂,黄铁矿δ34SCDT（‰）的变化范围（18.3~29.4）与海水硫酸盐(海相蒸发岩)的δ34S值接近或略低;黄铜矿δ34SCDT（‰）变化范围是-0.5~10.1,表明有深部硫的参与。δ13C V-PDB（0.9‰~2.6‰）,δ18O V-SMOW（14.3‰~15.9‰）反映了方解石流体可能为热液循环萃取沉积岩地层混合形成。综上,推测成矿物质为后期构造热液萃取围岩（玄武岩和灰岩等）所得,其中铜主要来自于玄武岩本身,而硫的来源以地层硫为主。     

玄武岩的多角度偏振反射光谱研究

该文研究玄武岩在2π空间的多角度反射光谱、偏振反射光谱特征。实验测定了玄武岩在2π空间上反射光谱、偏振反射光谱与光线入射角、探测角、方位角、波段、偏振性等因子之间的关系。结果表明：1)光线入射角对玄武岩的反射光谱、偏振反射光谱影响很大；2)空间水平方位角对光谱具有偏振(极化)特征。空间竖直探测角的影响是随着光线入射角的不同而显著影响着玄武岩的波形曲线特征；3)波段的不同，影响着玄武岩反射光谱、偏振反射光谱吸收能量的大小，但不显著影响玄武岩的空间波形曲线特征。     

新疆东昆仑祁漫塔格群火山岩建造成因初析

新疆东昆仑祁塔格群中有大规模的玄武岩、安山岩等中,基性火山岩活动的证据,地球化学研究表明,这些火山岩形成于海沟－岛弧环境;玄武岩的稀土元素分布模式总趋势为轻稀土元素略亏损的平坦型,与洋脊玄武岩类型;安山岩轻稀土富集;所有样品均具有轻微的Ｎｂ负异常和明显的Ｔｉ、Ｐ负异常。在各种构造环境判别图解上,样品主要落入洋中脊和岛弧环境。这一发现为证明新疆东昆他古生代岛弧环境提供了重要的证据,为进一步揭示昆仑造     

饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩的锆石U－Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

那丹哈达增生杂岩为中国东部古太平洋板块俯冲最为可靠的地质记录之一,对限定古大洋板块的西向俯冲具有重要的理论意义.饶河杂岩位于那丹哈达增生杂岩的核心位置,发育典型的增生杂岩组合,其中玄武岩类多呈构造透镜体状产出于超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩带,变形轻微,没有遭受变质.对饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩样品进行的同位素年代学和地球化学研究结果表明：饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为中侏罗世（168±2 Ma）,枕状玄武岩大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr亏损,高场强元素Nb、Ta富集,Th元素丰度较高,形成于洋岛（OIB型）环境.饶河杂岩中枕状玄武岩的形成时代和成因环境,对于该区侏罗纪时期构造动力学背景研究具有意义.     

Quaternary high-Nb basalts: existence of young oceanic crust under the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone,NW Iran

Quaternary basaltic volcanoes are distributed in the northern part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (N-SSZ). Those in the Ghorveh area of the N-SSZ are characterized by low SiO₂, high alkalis, and LILE + LREE enrichment. They also have high Mg numbers (Mg# = 65–70) and high contents of Cr (>300 ppm), Ni (>177 ppm), and TiO₂ (>1.5 wt.%), suggesting that they crystallized directly from primary magma. The basalts are classified as high-Nb basalts (HNB), with Nb concentrations greater than 20 ppm. Their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values range from 0.7049 to 0.7053 and their ?⁰_Nd values lie between –0.2 and 1.1. The small negative values of ?⁰_Nd indicate involvement of continental material in the evolution of the source magma in the area. Based on these new chemical and isotopic data and their relationship to the Plio-Quaternary volcanic adakites in northern Ghorveh, we propose that the partial fusion of metasomatized mantle associated with adakitic magma was responsible for generation of the HNB rocks following late Miocene collision of the Arabian and Iranian plates. Rollback of Neotethyan oceanic spreading and mantle plume activity caused a thinning of the northern SSZ lithosphere; furthermore, the S wave tomography model beneath the N-SSZ supports this hypothesized lithospheric thinning. The HNB rocks have close spatial proximity and temporal association with adakites, which were formed by the subduction of young (<25 Ma) oceanic crust. Our discussion clarifies the role of the oceanic slab in the post-collision generation of the HNB basalts in this area. Our data confirm the relationship of the HNB rocks to the subduction zone instead of to the oceanic island basalt (OIB) type magma in extensional zones.